scholarly journals The weighted average cost of capital over the lifecycle of the firm: Is the overinvestment problem of mature firms intensified by a higher WACC?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos S. Garcia ◽  
Jimmy Agustin Saravia Matus ◽  
David A. Yepes
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Present Value

Firm lifecycle theory predicts that the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) will tend to fall over the lifecycle of the firm (Mueller, 2003, p. 80-81). However, given that previous research finds that corporate governance deteriorates as firms get older (Mueller and Yun, 1998; Saravia, 2014) there is good reason to suspect that the opposite could be the case, that is, that the WACC is higher for older firms. Since our literature review indicates that no direct tests to clarify this question have been carried out up till now, this paper aims to fill the gap by testing this prediction empirically. Our findings support the proposition that the WACC of younger firms is higher than that of mature firms. Thus, we find that the mature firm overinvestment problem is not intensified by a higher cost of capital, on the contrary, our results suggest that mature firms manage to invest in negative net present value projects even though they have access to cheaper capital. This finding sheds new light on the magnitude of the corporate governance problems found in mature firms.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Model Fuzzy Project Evaluation Untuk Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Pendirian Pabrik Baru

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Yuniar Farida
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Fuzzy Number ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Project Evaluation ◽  
Triangular Fuzzy Number ◽  
Present Value

Untuk rencana pembangunan suatu pabrik baru, aspek finansial merupakan aspek terpenting dalam evaluasi kelayakannya. Dikatakan demikian, karena sekalipun aspek lain tergolong layak, jika studi aspek finansial memberikan hasil yang tidak layak, maka usulan proyek akan ditolak karena tidak memberikan manfaat ekonomi. Dalam penelitian ini Net Present Value (NPV) digunakan sebagai metode evaluasi kelayakan finansial rencana pendirian pabrik PT. X. Dalam perhitungan NPV, salah satu faktor yang krusial adalah tarif diskonto atau discount rate yang berlaku pada masa pengembalian investasi suatu proyek. NPV suatu proyek harus dihitung dengan discount rate konstan sampai masa pengembalian investasi, meski pada kenyataannya faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi discount rate setiap tahun tidak selalu sama, akibatnya nilai NPV menjadi samar (fuzzy). Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, maka dilakukan suatu pemodelan untuk mendekati nilai discount rate yang tepat. Dalam penelitian ini discount rate dihitung berdasarkan nilai WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) yang merupakan gabungan dari struktur modal, yaitu hutang dan ekuitas. Untuk memperoleh nilai WACC yang tepat, dilakukan pendekatan dengan menggunakan Triangular Fuzzy Number (TFN). Adapun penggunaan fuzzy dilakukan karena WACC mengandung unsur ketidakpastian yang tinggi, yang bisa membuat perhitungan WACC dengan metode konvensional menjadi samar/kabur. Dari hasil perhitungan menggunakan TFN, diperoleh nilai WACC sebesar 13.64 % dan menghasilkan NPV sebesar 6,430,464,000,000. Sedangkan nilai WACC deterministik yang dihasilkan evaluator sebesar 13.72 % dan menghasilkan NPV sebesar 6,358,310,540,000

scholarly journals Decision Making for Project Appraisal in Uncertain Environments: A Fuzzy-Possibilistic Approach of the Expanded NPV Method

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Konstantinos A. Chrysafis ◽  
Basil K. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Project Appraisal ◽  
Equity Cost ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Intelligent Methods

The major drawback of the classic approaches for project appraisal is the lack of the possibility to handle change requests during the project’s life cycle. This fact incorporates the concept of uncertainty in the estimation of this investment’s worth. To resolve this issue, the authors use fuzzy numbers, possibilistic moments of fuzzy numbers and the hybrid (fuzzy statistic) fuzzy estimators’ method in order to introduce a fuzzy possibilistic version of the expanded net present value method (FPeNPV). This approach consists of two factors: the fuzzy possibilistic NPV and the fuzzy option premium. For the estimation of the fuzzy NPV, some basic assumptions are taken into consideration: (1) the opportunity cost of capital, used as the present value interest factor calculated through the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), (2) the equity cost, determined through the possibilistic set-up of the capital asset pricing model CAPM, and (3) the inflation factor, also included in the estimation of the NPV. The fuzzy estimators’ method is used for the computation of the fuzzy option premium. An algorithm of nine major steps leads to the computation of the FPeNPV. This gives the administration the opportunity to adapt to potential changes in the company’s internal and external environments. In this way, the symmetry between the planning and execution phase of a project can be reinstated. The results validate the statement that fuzzy and intelligent methods remain valuable tools to express uncertainty in various scientific areas. Finally, an illustrative example aims at a thorough comprehension of this new approach of the expanded NPV method.

A New Approach to Capital Budgeting in Closely-Held Firms and Small Firms

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. McInish ◽  
Ronald J. Kudla
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Separation Principle ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Investor Returns

The traditional application of the net present value method in capital budgeting involves the use of market derived discount rates such as the cost of capital. Justification of these discount rates stems from the separation principle that states that investment decisions can be made independent of shareholders' tastes and preferences. The purpose of this paper is to show that the separation principle does not hold for closely-held firms and small firms, and, accordingly, market-derived discount rates are inappropriate. Two capital budgeting techniques which are appropriate for these firms are presented. Accept/reject decisions for capital budgeting projects are often made using a technique known as “net present value” (NPV).1 Using the NPV method, acceptable projects are those for which the project's cost is less than the present value of the project's cash flows discounted at the firm's cost of capital; in other words, acceptable projects have a positive NPV. The firm's cost of capital is usually taken to be the weighted average of the firm's cost of equity and debt as measured by investor returns in the capital markets. Justification for use of a discount rate, determined by reference to market-wide investor returns, is based on “the separation principle” which asserts that corporations can make capital budgeting decisions independently of their shareholders' views.2 But because a critical assumption of the separation principle is that shares are readily marketable, it is likely that the separation principle and, hence, market-determined discount rates are inappropriate for closely-held firms and small firms.3 In this paper, we discuss two capital budgeting approaches which are applicable to firms whose shares are not readily marketable. This paper is divided into five sections. First, we discuss the traditional net present value approach to capital budgeting and, then, we indicate in detail, why it may not be suitable for use by closely-held firms and small firms. In the third and fourth sections, we explain two capital budgeting techniques which may be appropriate for use by these firms. Finally, we summarize our conclusions.

scholarly journals De zoektocht naar meer transparantie

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 469-479
Author(s):  
Oscar Van Leeuwen ◽  
Philip Wallage
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Weighted Average

In de internationale ‘corporate governance’-regelgeving wordt dikwijls een rapportage over de ‘internal control’ van een organisatie gevraagd. In dit artikel gaan wij in op de vraag wat van een dergelijke ‘in control’-verklaring mag worden verwacht. Wij concluderen als volgt: 1. Naar onze mening is het vanuit een theoretisch perspectief mogelijk om over ‘internal control’ te rapporteren. Het management beschrijft welke problemen op het gebied van ‘internal control’ in de organisatie spelen. Gebruikers van de jaarrekening krijgen hiermee inzicht in de specifieke vraagstukken die op het gebied van ‘internal control’ spelen en kunnen zelf het belang hiervan beoordelen. Een verklaring dat de organisatie op alle risicogebieden ‘in control’ is zoals de Commissie Tabaksblat die voorschrijft leidt echter tot verkeerde verwachtingen en kan daarom beter niet vereist worden. 2. ‘In control’-verklaringen die zich alleen richten op betrouwbaarheid van financiële rapportages (Frijns, SOX) zijn in de meeste gevallen mogelijk. Er zijn echter uitzonderingssituaties. Het besturingstype ‘routine control’ is namelijk niet altijd van toepassing. In situaties waarbij onzekerheid bestaat over de toekomst en ‘routine controls’ noodzakelijkerwijs moeten worden vervangen door ‘judgemental controls’ (zoals bij ‘impairment’ en het bepalen van de ‘weighted average cost of capital’) is het resultaat van het proces niet goed meetbaar in termen van de doelstellingen. Wij zijn dan ook van mening dat in het jaarverslag in plaats van een ‘in control’-verklaring een beschrijving dient te worden opgenomen van de (brede) risico’s en de daarop gerichte ‘controls’ inclusief geconstateerde leemten hierin.

LA FUSIÓN CARULLA-VIVERO, ¿CREÓ VALOR?

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Andrés Villegas Cortés ◽  
Luz Ángela Rojas La Rota
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Value Added ◽  
Estudio De Caso

El presente trabajo busca determinar si la fusión de las empresas Carulla-Vivero ocurrida en el año 2000 generó valor. Para esto, se estudia el conceptode valor, posteriormente se explica el estudio de caso como metodología deinvestigación para concluir con la exposición del caso mismo de la fusión, ysu resultado. Una vez realizado el análisis de las dos empresas, se hace unacomparación y una valoración por dos metodologías ampliamente aceptadas:los métodos Economic Value Added (EVA) - Weighted Average Cost of Capital(WACC) y Flujo de Caja Histórico, con lo cual se explora en su interior la fusióny se explican los resultados obtenidos en ella. Finalmente, se hace una seriede observaciones, conclusiones y recomendaciones sobre la fusión, asícomo de la metodología del estudio de caso, para el abordaje de temas de laadministración.

scholarly journals A Scorecard to Detect Financial Leverage Profitability

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Laura Broccardo ◽  
Luisa Tibiletti ◽  
Pertti Vilpas
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Corporate Management ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Cost

This study investigates how balancing internal and external financing sources can create economic value. We set a financial scorecard, consisting of the Cost of Debt (COD), Return on Investment (ROI), and the Cost of Equity (COE). We show that COE should be a cap for COD and a floor for ROI in order to increase the Net Present Value at Weighted Average Cost of Capital and the Adjusted Present Value of the levered investment. However, leverage should be carefully monitored if COD and ROI go off the grid. Situations where leverage has the opposite effect on value creation and the Equity Internal Rate of Return are also discussed. Illustrative examples are given. The proposed model aims to help corporate management in financial decisions.

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