scholarly journals Changes in mouse thymus after exposure to tube-restraint stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Drljaca ◽  
Ana-Marija Vejnovic ◽  
Dejan Miljkovic ◽  
Milan Popovic ◽  
Dusica Rakic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Mouse Thymus ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
Thymus Weight ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis ◽  
Thymus Atrophy

The thymus is the primary lymphoid organ involved in the regulation of the immune and endocrine systems. It is particularly sensitive to various types of stress, which induce its atrophy. This study deals with the effect of repeated restraint stress on the weight, proliferation and apoptosis of the thymus in mice. During restraint, the animals were placed in 50-mL conical plastic tubes for 2 h every day for either 10 or 20 consecutive days. A significant reduction in thymus weight along with decreased cellularity and pronounced atrophy of the cortical part of the thymus was observed in animals exposed to repeated tube-restraint stress for 10 and 20 consecutive days. The observed changes in the thymus were the same, regardless of the number of days of exposure to stress. These findings provide a more comprehensive view of repeated tube-restraint, with special emphasis on its duration on stress-induced thymus atrophy. The presented findings could serve as a basis for further studies aimed at identifying the mechanisms responsible for the adaptive response of the thymus after repeated exposure to stress.

Physical exercise affects the epigenetic programming of rat brain and modulates the adaptive response evoked by repeated restraint stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
pp. 286-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.K. Kashimoto ◽  
L.V. Toffoli ◽  
M.H.F. Manfredo ◽  
V.L. Volpini ◽  
M.C. Martins-Pinge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Epigenetic Programming ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress

scholarly journals Chronic repeated restraint stress increases prolactin-releasing peptide/tyrosine-hydroxylase ratio with gender-related differences in the rat brain

2007 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 071115085713008-??? ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna E. Tóth ◽  
Dóra Zelena ◽  
Zsuzsa Mergl ◽  
Eszter Kirilly ◽  
Péter Várnai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress ◽  
Prolactin Releasing Peptide

scholarly journals Repeated restraint stress exposure during early withdrawal accelerates incubation of cue-induced cocaine craving

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Glynn ◽  
J. Amiel Rosenkranz ◽  
Marina E. Wolf ◽  
Aaron Caccamise ◽  
Freya Shroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Early Withdrawal ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress ◽  
Cocaine Craving

Repeated restraint stress facilitates fear conditioning independently of causing hippocampal CA3 dendritic atrophy.

1999 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 902-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl D. Conrad ◽  
Ana María Magariños ◽  
Joseph E. LeDoux ◽  
Bruce S. McEwen
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress ◽  
Hippocampal Ca3 ◽  
Dendritic Atrophy

scholarly journals Effect of repeated restraint stress on memory in different tasks

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Gamaro ◽  
M.B. Michalowski ◽  
D.H. Catelli ◽  
M.H. Xavier ◽  
C. Dalmaz
Keyword(s):  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress

Repeated Restraint Stress Decreases Na,K-ATPase Activity via Oxidative and Nitrosative Damage in the Frontal Cortex of Rats

Neuroscience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Santana Novaes ◽  
Nilton Barreto dos Santos ◽  
Guilherme Dragunas ◽  
Juliano Genaro Perfetto ◽  
Juan Carlos Leza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress

Habituation to repeated restraint stress is associated with lack of stress-induced c-fos expression in primary sensory processing areas of the rat brain

Neuroscience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Girotti ◽  
T.W.W. Pace ◽  
R.I. Gaylord ◽  
B.A. Rubin ◽  
J.P. Herman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress ◽  
Fos Expression

scholarly journals Crosstalk Between ATP-P2X7 and Adenosine A2A Receptors Controlling Neuroinflammation in Rats Subject to Repeated Restraint Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Dias ◽  
Cátia R. Lopes ◽  
Francisco Q. Gonçalves ◽  
Ana Nunes ◽  
Daniela Pochmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
A2a Receptors ◽  
Repeated Stress ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Adenosine A2a ◽  
Purinergic Modulation

Depressive conditions precipitated by repeated stress are a major socio-economical burden in Western countries. Previous studies showed that ATP-P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) and adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) antagonists attenuate behavioral modifications upon exposure to repeated stress. Since it is unknown if these two purinergic modulation systems work independently, we now investigated a putative interplay between P2X7R and A2AR. Adult rats exposed to restraint stress for 14 days displayed an anxious (thigmotaxis, elevated plus maze), depressive (anhedonia, increased immobility), and amnesic (modified Y maze, object displacement) profile, together with increased expression of Iba-1 (a marker of microglia “activation”) and interleukin-1β (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα; proinflammatory cytokines) and an up-regulation of P2X7R (mRNA) and A2AR (receptor binding) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. All these features were attenuated by the P2X7R-preferring antagonist brilliant blue G (BBG, 45 mg/kg, i.p.) or by caffeine (0.3 g/L, p.o.), which affords neuroprotection through A2AR blockade. Notably, BBG attenuated A2AR upregulation and caffeine attenuated P2X7R upregulation. In microglial N9 cells, the P2X7R agonist BzATP (100 μM) or the A2AR agonist CGS26180 (100 nM) increased calcium levels, which was abrogated by the P2X7R antagonist JNJ47965567 (1 μM) and by the A2AR antagonist SCH58261 (50 nM), respectively; notably JNJ47965567 prevented the effect of CGS21680 and the effect of BzATP was attenuated by SCH58261 and increased by CGS21680. These results provide the first demonstration of a functional interaction between P2X7R and A2AR controlling microglia reactivity likely involved in behavioral adaptive responses to stress and are illustrative of a cooperation between the two arms of the purinergic system in the control of brain function.

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