scholarly journals Planarity and outerplanarity indexes of the unit, unitary and total graphs

Filomat ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 2827-2836
Author(s):  
Zahra Barati
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Line Graphs ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
Finite Commutative Ring

In this paper, we consider the problem of planarity and outerplanarity of iterated line graphs of the unit, unitary and total graphs when R is a finite commutative ring. We give a full characterization of all these graphs with respect to their planarity and outerplanarity indexes.

scholarly journals Efficient Algorithm for Generating Maximal L-Reflexive Trees

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 809
Author(s):  
Milica Anđelić ◽  
Dejan Živković
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Algorithm ◽  
Line Graph ◽  
Common Vertex ◽  
Line Graphs ◽  
Algebraic Numbers ◽  
Pisot Numbers ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
Vertex Set ◽  
Second Largest Eigenvalue

The line graph of a graph G is another graph of which the vertex set corresponds to the edge set of G, and two vertices of the line graph of G are adjacent if the corresponding edges in G share a common vertex. A graph is reflexive if the second-largest eigenvalue of its adjacency matrix is no greater than 2. Reflexive graphs give combinatorial ground to generate two classes of algebraic numbers, Salem and Pisot numbers. The difficult question of identifying those graphs whose line graphs are reflexive (called L-reflexive graphs) is naturally attacked by first answering this question for trees. Even then, however, an elegant full characterization of reflexive line graphs of trees has proved to be quite formidable. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm for the exhaustive generation of maximal L-reflexive trees.

Characterization of rings with nullity degree at least 1 4

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950076
Author(s):  
M. A. Esmkhani ◽  
S. M. Jafarian Amiri
Keyword(s):  
Prime Number ◽  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Finite Commutative Ring ◽  
Nonzero Identity

Let [Formula: see text] be a finite commutative ring with nonzero identity. The nullity degree of [Formula: see text], denoted by [Formula: see text], is the probability that the multiplication of two randomly chosen elements of [Formula: see text] is zero. In this paper, we characterize all rings [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]. Also, we study rings [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a prime number.

scholarly journals Nonplanarity of Iterated Line Graphs

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Line Graph ◽  
Crossing Number ◽  
Line Graphs ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
Iterated Line Graph

The 1-crossing index of a graph G is the smallest integer k such that the k th iterated line graph of G has crossing number greater than 1. In this paper, we show that the 1-crossing index of a graph is either infinite or it is at most 5. Moreover, we give a full characterization of all graphs with respect to their 1-crossing index.

On defensive alliance in zero-divisor graphs

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150155
Author(s):  
Najat Muthana ◽  
Abdellah Mamouni
Keyword(s):  
Commutative Ring ◽  
Zero Divisor ◽  
Undirected Graph ◽  
Dominating Set ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Minimum Cardinality ◽  
Number Formula ◽  
Finite Commutative Ring ◽  
Multiple Edges

Let [Formula: see text] be a finite undirected graph without loops or multiple edges. A non-empty set of vertices [Formula: see text] is called defensive alliance if every vertex in [Formula: see text] have at least one more neighbors inside of [Formula: see text] than it has outside of [Formula: see text]. A non-empty set of vertices [Formula: see text] is called a dominating set if every vertex not in [Formula: see text] is adjacent to at least one member of [Formula: see text]. A defensive alliance dominating set is called global. The global defensive alliance number [Formula: see text] is defined as the minimum cardinality among all global defensive alliances. In this paper, we initiate the study of the global defensive alliance number of zero-divisor graphs [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] is a finite commutative ring. Hence, we calculate [Formula: see text] for some usual kind of rings. We finish by a complete characterization of rings with [Formula: see text].

A Thorough Theoretical Exploration of Intriguing Characteristics of Cyclo[18]carbon: Geometry, Bonding Nature, Aromaticity, Weak Interaction, Reactivity, Excited States, Vibrations, Molecular Dynamics and Various Molecular Properties

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Lu ◽  
Qinxue Chen ◽  
Zeyu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Electronic Excitation ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Molecular Properties ◽  
Molecular Vibration ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Almost All

Although cyclo[18]carbon has been theoretically and experimentally investigated since long time ago, only very recently it was prepared and directly observed by means of STM/AFM in condensed phase (Kaiser et al., <i>Science</i>, <b>365</b>, 1299 (2019)). The unique ring structure and dual 18-center π delocalization feature bring a variety of unusual characteristics and properties to the cyclo[18]carbon, which are quite worth to be explored. In this work, we present an extremely comprehensive and detailed investigation on almost all aspects of the cyclo[18]carbon, including (1) Geometric characteristics (2) Bonding nature (3) Electron delocalization and aromaticity (4) Intermolecular interaction (5) Reactivity (6) Electronic excitation and UV/Vis spectrum (7) Molecular vibration and IR/Raman spectrum (8) Molecular dynamics (9) Response to external field (10) Electron ionization, affinity and accompanied process (11) Various molecular properties. We believe that our full characterization of the cyclo[18]carbon will greatly deepen researchers' understanding of this system, and thereby help them to utilize it in practice and design its various valuable derivatives.

A Thorough Theoretical Exploration of Intriguing Characteristics of Cyclo[18]carbon: Geometry, Bonding Nature, Aromaticity, Weak Interaction, Reactivity, Excited States, Vibrations, Molecular Dynamics and Various Molecular Properties

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Lu ◽  
Qinxue Chen ◽  
Zeyu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Electronic Excitation ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Molecular Properties ◽  
Molecular Vibration ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Almost All

Although cyclo[18]carbon has been theoretically and experimentally investigated since long time ago, only very recently it was prepared and directly observed by means of STM/AFM in condensed phase (Kaiser et al., <i>Science</i>, <b>365</b>, 1299 (2019)). The unique ring structure and dual 18-center π delocalization feature bring a variety of unusual characteristics and properties to the cyclo[18]carbon, which are quite worth to be explored. In this work, we present an extremely comprehensive and detailed investigation on almost all aspects of the cyclo[18]carbon, including (1) Geometric characteristics (2) Bonding nature (3) Electron delocalization and aromaticity (4) Intermolecular interaction (5) Reactivity (6) Electronic excitation and UV/Vis spectrum (7) Molecular vibration and IR/Raman spectrum (8) Molecular dynamics (9) Response to external field (10) Electron ionization, affinity and accompanied process (11) Various molecular properties. We believe that our full characterization of the cyclo[18]carbon will greatly deepen researchers' understanding of this system, and thereby help them to utilize it in practice and design its various valuable derivatives.

scholarly journals Full Characterization of Minimal Linear Codes as Cutting Blocking Sets

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Chunming Tang ◽  
Yan Qiu ◽  
Qunying Liao ◽  
Zhengchun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Linear Codes ◽  
Blocking Sets ◽  
Full Characterization

scholarly journals Special Issue: Advances in Computational Electromagnetics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Valerio De Santis
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Magnetic Materials ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Computational Electromagnetics ◽  
Superconducting Materials ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
Recent Advances

Recent advances in computational electromagnetics (CEMs) have made the full characterization of complex magnetic materials possible, such as superconducting materials, composite or nanomaterials, rare-earth free permanent magnets, etc [...]

scholarly journals Full characterization of the transmission properties of a multi-plane light converter

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Boucher ◽  
Arthur Goetschy ◽  
Giacomo Sorelli ◽  
Mattia Walschaers ◽  
Nicolas Treps
Keyword(s):  
Full Characterization ◽  
Transmission Properties ◽  
Plane Light
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