Variation in Preference and Specificity in Monophagous and Oligophagous Swallowtail Butterflies

Evolution ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Swallowtail Butterflies

scholarly journals INDEPENDENT GENE PHYLOGENIES AND MORPHOLOGY DEMONSTRATE A MALAGASY ORIGIN FOR A WIDE-RANGING GROUP OF SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES

Evolution ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2763-2782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgueni V. Zakharov ◽  
Campbell R. Smith ◽  
David C. Lees ◽  
Alison Cameron ◽  
Richard I. Vane-Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Independent Gene ◽  
Swallowtail Butterflies

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PHYLOGENY OF THE PAPILIO MACHAON SPECIES GROUP (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (S165) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix A.H. Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Species Concepts ◽  
Mt Dna ◽  
Dna Phylogeny ◽  
Mtdna Phylogeny ◽  
Swallowtail Butterflies

AbstractIn swallowtail butterflies of the Papilio machaon species group, mitochondrial (mt) DNA divergence has allowed speciation and adaptation to be understood more precisely. The reconstructed phylogeny of mtDNA of the P. machaon group is largely congruent with prior systematic hypotheses based on allozymes and color pattern. Genetic divergences of mtDNA support use of broad, character-based species concepts for the P. machaon group, and allow inferences regarding the origin of hybrid populations. The mtDNA phylogeny provides a guide for evolutionarily appropriate comparisons in studies of the chemical and genetic basis of hostplant use. Finally, mtDNA demonstrates the phylogenetically distinct status of an endangered species, P. hospiton.

Ovipositing butterflies use a red receptor to see green

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (19) ◽  
pp. 2619-2630 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kelber
Keyword(s):  
Colour Vision ◽  
Choice Experiments ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Vision Systems ◽  
Choice Behaviour ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Swallowtail Butterflies ◽  
Linear Interactions ◽  
Ultraviolet Receptor

Swallowtail butterflies of the species Papilio aegeus oviposit on the leaves of Rutaceae plants in Australia. They possess receptor types with sensitivity peaks around 390 nm (violet receptor) and 610 nm (red receptor), in addition to the receptor types common in insects with sensitivity peaks at 360 nm (ultraviolet receptor), 440 nm (blue receptor) and 540 nm (green receptor). Multiple- and dual-choice experiments show that females of P. aegeus prefer to oviposit on substrata that look green to humans. A class of simple models is developed to describe this choice behaviour in terms of linear interactions between the different spectral types of photoreceptors. The green receptor has a positive influence, whereas the blue (and possibly the ultraviolet and violet) receptor and the red receptor have negative influences on the choice behaviour. Colour choice for oviposition is thus guided by a single chromatic mechanism. Caterpillars of P. aegeus grow faster on young leaves which, according to the model, should be preferred by females for oviposition. The importance of the red receptor for the discrimination between different green leaves is discussed in ecological and comparative contexts. Finally, in an evolutionary perspective, the possibility is discussed that colour vision systems like those of honeybees might have evolved as a combination of two or more such chromatic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Butterfly-wing pollination in Scadoxus and other South African Amaryllidaceae

2020 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah C Butler ◽  
Steven D Johnson
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Butterfly Wing ◽  
Pollen Transfer ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
Pollination Mechanisms ◽  
Butterfly Wings ◽  
Floral Diversification ◽  
Swallowtail Butterflies ◽  
Transfer Mechanisms

Abstract Understanding the evolution of floral morphology requires information about the identity of pollinators as well as the specific mechanisms of pollen transfer. Based on preliminary field observations and floral structure, we hypothesized that pollination mechanisms involving the transfer of pollen on butterfly wings occur in several lineages of South African Amaryllidaceae. Here we report findings from a detailed study of butterfly-wing pollination in two subspecies of Scadoxus multiflorus and review the prevalence of this pollination mechanism among other Amaryllidaceae in southern Africa. We established that S. multiflorus subsp. katherinae is genetically self-incompatible and thus entirely reliant on pollinators for seed production. We determined that this subspecies is pollinated almost exclusively by large swallowtail butterflies, principally males of the mocker swallowtail Papilio dardanus cenea. Flowers of S. multiflorus subsp. multiflorus are pollinated by pierid and swallowtail butterflies. Pollen is deposited on the ventral surface of the wings of butterflies as they flutter over the strongly exserted stamens. We predict that butterfly-wing pollination occurs in at least nine species of South African Amaryllidaceae, which may reflect several independent origins of this mechanism. The flowers of these species are red or orange with strong herkogamy and are either bowl-brush or open-brush in shape. We provide maps of the distribution of pollen on the ventral surface of the wings of pollinators for four of these species. All four appear to be pollinated via the ventral surface of large butterfly wings, with the floral structure facilitating the process. These findings illustrate the importance of investigating pollen transfer mechanisms in order to understand patterns of floral diversification and floral convergence.

scholarly journals EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE IN SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES

Evolution ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1223-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Evolutionary Genetics ◽  
Swallowtail Butterflies

Cold tolerance of the pupae in relation to the distribution of swallowtail butterflies

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3028-3037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kukal ◽  
Matthew P. Ayres ◽  
J. Mark Scriber
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Papilio Canadensis ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Swallowtail Butterflies ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
The Difference

A steep decline in the diversity of swallowtail butterfly species at high latitudes could be due to limited cold tolerance of overwintering pupae. If this is so, species with unusually northerly distributions should be unusually cold tolerant. We compared the northerly distributed Papilio canadensis with its southern relative, P. glaucus. Pupae were exposed for 2–5 months to four acclimatization treatments: outdoors in Alaska, outdoors in Michigan, constant 5 °C, and constant −25 °C. Field temperatures encountered by pupae in Alaska were lower than in Michigan. The supercooling point of P. glaucus pupae was unaffected by acclimatization (mean ± SE= −23.5 ± 0.52 °C). The supercooling point of P. canadensis pupae did not differ from that of P. glaucus pupae, except following acclimatization in Alaska, when it dropped to −27.0 ± 0.55 °C. Survival of pupae in Michigan was high for all populations (70–90%); in Alaska, survival of P. canadensis was just as high, but survival of P. glaucus dropped to 14%. Freezing was usually fatal in both species, but death was not immediate. No pupae survived 6 weeks at −25 °C. Trehalose was the most conspicuous metabolite revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of live pupae and hemolymph. Labelled glucose was metabolized differently by the two species, which may underly the difference in acclimation potential and cold tolerance. The results support the hypothesis that winter temperatures limit swallowtail distributions.

Swallowtail Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

2008 ◽  
pp. 3635-3635
Author(s):  
John B. Heppner ◽  
David B. Richman ◽  
Steven E. Naranjo ◽  
Dale Habeck ◽  
Christopher Asaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swallowtail Butterflies
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