The Episcopal Exemption of Savigny, 1112–1184

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-298
Author(s):  
Francis R. Swietek ◽  
Terrence M. Deneen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Cistercian Order ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The congregation of Savigny deserves recognition as a notable expression of the monastic revival which characterized the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Savigny itself was founded around 1112 in the forests which join Normandy, Maine, and Brittany by Vital of Mortain, a former hermit and itinerant preacher. Within 35 years, the congregation which developed from the monastery included more than 30 houses in France and England. These Savigniacs were praised effusively by contemporaries as models to be followed. In spite of Savigny's acknowledged importance, however, many aspects of its early history remain relatively unstudied. The only comprehensive treatment of the congregation is a largely hagiographical account compiled by Dom Claude Auvry, prior to Savigny from 1698 to 1712, which finally was edited and published in the late nineteenth century. The paucity of research on Savigny is explained partially by the fact that in 1147 the congregation was absorbed into the Cistercian order and thereby lost its distinctive identity. However, the study of early Savigniac history is valuable not only because of its intrinsic importance but also because an accurate assessment of the effects of the union on the order of Cîteaux will be possible only through an understanding of the congregation prior to 1147.

The Low Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 680-696
Author(s):  
Arie L. Molendijk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early History ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Final Note ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The 1960S

Notwithstanding certain similarities, Belgium and the Netherlands have different national histories. Keeping this in mind, this chapter is divided into four sections: early history, pillarization, secularization, and Islam and new developments. From its foundation in 1830, Belgium has been predominantly Catholic, whereas the Netherlands claimed to be a Protestant nation, despite a large minority of Catholics. In the late nineteenth century, self-contained worlds (‘pillars’) emerged in both countries. Catholics, and in the Netherlands orthodox Protestants as well, used their many-branched pillars of societal organizations to emancipate and mobilize their constituencies. In the 1960s, the pillars started to crumble and the number of non-affiliated rose to 42 per cent in Belgium, and 68 per cent in the Netherlands. Notwithstanding the immigration of significant groups of Christians and Muslims and a flourishing market in spirituality, both countries have become very secularized. A final note summarizes the situation in Luxembourg.

Champagne

Creating Wine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter looks briefly at the early history of champagne and the dramatic increase in production in the late nineteenth century. Champagne producers were the most successful of all producers in establishing brand names, informing consumers of wine quality, and associating the drink with the needs of the rapidly changing lifestyles of the middle and upper classes in rich urban societies during the nineteenth century. The chapter also considers the organization of the commodity chain favoring the champagne houses over British retailers, the response of the champagne houses and small growers to the phylloxera crisis, and the collapse of local production and importation of large quantities of outside wines after 1906. In the end, despite the crisis, the champagne producers were still more successful than those in other wine regions in controlling the quality of their product.

What Shall We Wear for Tennis?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter analyzes several high-profile moments in the early history of women's tennis fashions, accepting costume historian Anne Hollander's assertion that “changes in dress are social changes.” When upper-class women first took to the courts in the late nineteenth century, they did so clad in the constraining livery of their everyday lives. As the distaff game became more competitive, the need to shed the fetters of restrictive garb became ever more demanding. As a result, there emerged several conspicuous, controversial incidents when women appeared in increasingly abbreviated costumes, revealing their ankles and wrists, their arms and legs, and the shapes and forms of their bodies in the quest to free their sporting movements.

Interpreting Documentary Sources on the Early History of the Congo Free State: The Case of Ngongo Luteta’s Rise and Fall

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 5-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Free State ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Interpretive Strategies ◽  
Congo Free State

AbstractThis paper considers an under-used and under-discussed archive of unpublished documentary sources that concern the rise and fall of an eastern Congolese warlord, Ngongo Luteta, during the late nineteenth century. It argues that Africanist historians not only need to pay greater attention to unpublished documentary sources – the weight of methodological discussion usually orients around oral sources – but also to treat them with the same interpretive rigor as oral sources. The argument is demonstrated by discussing the existing studies of Ngongo Luteta, which tend to focus on oral fieldwork even while they often employ documentary sources, and, then, pointing to some interpretive strategies for unpublished documentary sources that suggests a more complicated history of the interactions between Ngongo Luteta and the emergent Congo Free State.

Contents of Western Sociology of Religion as a Science and Educational Discipline

2002 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
Liudmyla O. Fylypovych
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Society ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Sociology of religion in the West is a field of knowledge with at least 100 years of history. As a science and as a discipline, the sociology of religion has been developing in most Western universities since the late nineteenth century, having established traditions, forming well-known schools, areas related to the names of famous scholars. The total number of researchers of religion abroad has never been counted, but there are more than a thousand different centers, universities, colleges where religion is taught and studied. If we assume that each of them has an average of 10 religious scholars, theologians, then the army of scholars of religion is amazing. Most of them are united in representative associations of researchers of religion, which have a clear sociological color. Among them are the most famous International Society for the Sociology of Religion (ISSR) and the Society for Scientific Study of Religion (SSSR).

John Lloyd Williams (1854–1945): profile of a Snowdonian botanist

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Dewi Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Major Study ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth

John Lloyd Williams was an authority on the arctic-alpine flora of Snowdonia during the late nineteenth century when plant collecting was at its height, but unlike other botanists and plant collectors he did not fully pursue the fashionable trend of forming a complete herbarium. His diligent plant-hunting in a comparatively little explored part of Snowdonia led to his discovering a new site for the rare Killarney fern (Trichomanes speciosum), a feat which was considered a major achievement at the time. For most part of the nineteenth century plant distribution, classification and forming herbaria, had been paramount in the learning of botany in Britain resulting in little attention being made to other aspects of the subject. However, towards the end of the century many botanists turned their attention to studying plant physiology, a subject which had advanced significantly in German laboratories. Rivalry between botanists working on similar projects became inevitable in the race to be first in print as Lloyd Williams soon realized when undertaking his major study on the cytology of marine algae.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document