The Low Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 680-696
Author(s):  
Arie L. Molendijk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early History ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Final Note ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The 1960S

Notwithstanding certain similarities, Belgium and the Netherlands have different national histories. Keeping this in mind, this chapter is divided into four sections: early history, pillarization, secularization, and Islam and new developments. From its foundation in 1830, Belgium has been predominantly Catholic, whereas the Netherlands claimed to be a Protestant nation, despite a large minority of Catholics. In the late nineteenth century, self-contained worlds (‘pillars’) emerged in both countries. Catholics, and in the Netherlands orthodox Protestants as well, used their many-branched pillars of societal organizations to emancipate and mobilize their constituencies. In the 1960s, the pillars started to crumble and the number of non-affiliated rose to 42 per cent in Belgium, and 68 per cent in the Netherlands. Notwithstanding the immigration of significant groups of Christians and Muslims and a flourishing market in spirituality, both countries have become very secularized. A final note summarizes the situation in Luxembourg.

Eastern Religions and Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 533-550
Author(s):  
Martin Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter begins with the Orientalist constructions of Eastern religions from the mid-sixteenth to the late nineteenth century. Subsequently, in Colonial Times, Asian reformers campaigned for Hinduism and Buddhism in the West leading to the establishing of the first institutions in Europe around 1900. From the 1960s onward, Europe saw the arrival of Hindu gurus and Buddhist teachers, later followed by the immigration of Asian workers and refugees. The conclusion highlights key constructions and images of Eastern religions and points to the ongoing processes of secularizationand commercialization which have repackaged practices and artefacts of Eastern religions for European preferences. The chapter argues that since the earliest encounters, Eastern religions represent both hope and promise for European philosophers, scholars, and practitioners. An awareness of the varied European imaginings enables a better understanding of the continuing fascination of Eastern religions on the part of sympathizers, practitioners, and the population in general.

Mock-Epic as a Byproduct of the Norm of Elevated Language

Target ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Weissbrod
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Children's Literature ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Mock Epic ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Hebrew Tradition ◽  
Guys And Dolls

Abstract Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Hebrew underwent a process of revival. Despite the growing stratification of the language, literary translations into Hebrew were governed by a norm which dictated the use of an elevated style rooted in ancient Hebrew texts. This norm persisted at least until the 1960s. Motivated by the Hebrew tradition of employing the elevated style to produce the mock-epic, translators created mock-epic works independently of the source texts. This article describes the creation of the mock-epic in canonized and non canonized adult and children's literature, focusing on the Hebrew versions of Henry Fielding's Joseph Andrews, Damon Runyon's Guys and Dolls, Peter O'Donnell's Modesty Blaise and A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner.

Creolised Confucianism: Syncretism and Confucian revivalism at the turn of the twentieth century in Java

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 154-174
Author(s):  
Oiyan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Doctrine Of The Mean ◽  
Netherlands East Indies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Confucian revivalism swept over China, the Straits Settlements and the Netherlands East Indies in the late nineteenth century. Rather than perceiving China as the single foundational centre for Confucian ideas, this article argues that pioneering Confucian revivalists who undertook to translate, interpret and spread Confucian knowledge in Java did not simply follow mainstream ideas that prevailed in China, or the lead of the Straits Settlements. Considered as the first Malay language translation of the ‘Great Learning’ and the ‘Doctrine of the Mean’, with accompanying commentaries, Yoe Tjai Siang and Tan Ging Tiong's Kitab Tai Hak–Tiong Iong (1900), contained an eclectic blend of Hokkien/Chinese, Malay, Javanese, Dutch/Christian and Arabic/Islamic concepts and vocabulary. Analysis of the translators’ aims and the work itself, shows that Java's peranakan Chinese initially developed a unique, creolised interpretation of Confucianism, while being connected to other reformers and revivalists in China and the Straits Settlements. As these connections and formal educational exchanges intensified, this creolised interpretation of Confucianism in Java would give way to a more orthodox version.

Cultural Divergence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Latin American Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Literary Imagination ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter offers a periodization of the literatures of the Americas from the late nineteenth century through the postwar period. After acknowledging the emergence of a brief “transamerican literary imagination” forged in the early nineteenth century, I chart the gradual breakdown of this shared literary imagination in the second half of the nineteenth century and the concomitant rise of two distinct modes of literary production in the hemisphere: the US literature of experience and the Latin American literature of the reader. I track the emergence of these systems: in the United States, through the mid-nineteenth-century “American Renaissance,” the late nineteenth-century “age of realism,” the interwar “modernist” period, and the “postmodern” era of the second half of the century; in Latin America, through the modernismo of the turn of the twentieth century, the vanguardia movement of the 1920s and early 1930s, and the boom decades of the 1960s and 1970s.

Revisiting the sea shanty: Introduction

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-369
Author(s):  
Graeme J Milne
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Research Context ◽  
Recent Growth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The 1960S

This Forum considers the changing place of the sea shanty in musical culture since the late nineteenth century. Its three articles explore successive phases in the genre, from the first major published collections in the 1900s, through an important revival in the 1960s, to the dramatic recent growth in shanty festivals. This introduction locates the Forum in wider historical, musicological and related issues, and explains the research context from which the articles emerged.

scholarly journals Determinants of infant and early childhood mortality levels and their decline in The Netherlands in the late nineteenth century

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1031-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith H Wolleswinkel-van den Bosch ◽  
Frans WA van Poppel ◽  
Caspar WN Looman ◽  
Johan P Mackenbach
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The Episcopal Exemption of Savigny, 1112–1184

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-298
Author(s):  
Francis R. Swietek ◽  
Terrence M. Deneen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Cistercian Order ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The congregation of Savigny deserves recognition as a notable expression of the monastic revival which characterized the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Savigny itself was founded around 1112 in the forests which join Normandy, Maine, and Brittany by Vital of Mortain, a former hermit and itinerant preacher. Within 35 years, the congregation which developed from the monastery included more than 30 houses in France and England. These Savigniacs were praised effusively by contemporaries as models to be followed. In spite of Savigny's acknowledged importance, however, many aspects of its early history remain relatively unstudied. The only comprehensive treatment of the congregation is a largely hagiographical account compiled by Dom Claude Auvry, prior to Savigny from 1698 to 1712, which finally was edited and published in the late nineteenth century. The paucity of research on Savigny is explained partially by the fact that in 1147 the congregation was absorbed into the Cistercian order and thereby lost its distinctive identity. However, the study of early Savigniac history is valuable not only because of its intrinsic importance but also because an accurate assessment of the effects of the union on the order of Cîteaux will be possible only through an understanding of the congregation prior to 1147.

‘As list e karhayee ke bayad anjame midadam khat khord’

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-203
Author(s):  
Soraya Tremayne
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
The State ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Population Policies ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The 1960S

The history of the population growth and decline in Iran dates back to the late nineteenth century, when the state first took a pro-natalist approach to preventing the considerable population decline. By the 1960s, considering the rapid population growth, the state developed an anti-natalist policy, which was abandoned in the early 1980s by the Islamic Republic of Iran, which adopted a pro-natalist stance once again. But by 1986, with the census showing a high rate of population growth, the state formulated a coherent anti-natalist policy, which proved highly successful and, by 2011, the census showed that the population growth had fallen to below the replacement level and Iran reversed to a pro-natalist policy once more. Between the late nineteenth century and the present day, Iran has changed its population policies five times, each contradicting the previous one, and expecting the citizens to reverse their reproductive behaviour and practices accordingly, targeting women in particular to achieve the state’s goals. So far, the response of the citizens to the state’s latest demands have not proved successful, and the population decline continues. This chapter examines the reasons for the resistance of the generation of reproductive age to the state’s demands for more children. It further explores the complexities of the competing demands on young people and the compromises they have to make to accommodate their own reproductive values and lifestyles against the demands and pressures of family, kin, society, and the state.

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