The Belle Epoque and the First World War:

"This work aims at observing and comparing the image of French poets and poetess given by the national press during the late Belle Époque. More and poetess given by the national press during the late Belle Époque. More precisely, we study the photographs published by Les Annales politiques et littéraires, Femina and Comœdia, between 1908 and 1914. We shall prove that female writers obtained public recognition immediately before the First World War."

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Portuguese emigration, shipping companies and the state: The business of migrant transport after the Belle Époque

International Journal of Maritime History ◽

10.1177/0843871417745508 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 74-88

Author(s):

Yvette Santos

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

External Factors ◽

Foreign Competition ◽

Belle Epoque ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

The Face ◽

Belle Époque ◽

Internal And External Factors ◽

First World

This article seeks to understand why Portugal, with its strong migration tradition and its close ties with Brazil, did not manage to assert itself in the transport of emigrants to Brazil in the face of foreign competition from the mid-nineteenth century. We identify the primary internal and external factors that led to the loss of visibility of Portuguese shipping companies on the Portugal–Brazil route, even as migration reached a peak during the Belle Époque. An assessment is made of the extent to which the retreat of the major shipping nations from the maritime routes as a result of the First World War provided Portugal with an opportunity to assert itself as an international maritime power. We also analyse the politically motivated attempt to strengthen maritime contacts with Brazil through the Transportes Marítimos do Estado, and the weaknesses of that policy, which owed much to the unstable international maritime context and foreign competition.

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From Belle Epoque to First World War

The Cambridge Companion to Proust ◽

10.1017/ccol052166019x.002 ◽

2001 ◽

pp. 7-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cynthia Gamble

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Belle Epoque ◽

World War ◽

Belle Époque ◽

First World

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Social Encounters in the French Trenches

French Politics Culture & Society ◽

10.3167/fpcs.2018.360201 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 1-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nicolas Mariot

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Overwhelming Majority ◽

Ordinary People ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Class Hierarchies ◽

Social Encounters ◽

Belle Époque ◽

First Time ◽

First World

The First World War has been described as an exceptional moment of comradeship, so great that it was able to break even the strongest class barriers. Were social distances and class hierarchies temporarily forgotten or abolished for the millions of Frenchmen of diverse origins who were called to arms in defense of their country? The article is about this novel experiment, provoking encounters and contacts on a huge scale and often for the first time, between an overwhelming majority of manual workers and petty employees of humble extraction, and a small number of bourgeois and intellectuals. It tells the story of the discovery, by the French bourgeoisie of the Belle Epoque, of the ordinary people who fought in the trenches.

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The Emergence of France as a Tourist Icon in the Belle Époque

War Tourism ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501715877.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 20-52

Author(s):

Bertram M. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Ernest Hemingway ◽

Gertrude Stein ◽

First World War ◽

Western World ◽

Belle Epoque ◽

World War ◽

Belle Époque ◽

Josephine Baker ◽

First World ◽

Battlefield Tourism

The coming of the railroad and trans-Atlantic steamships in the Belle Époque and of automobiles, movies, and inexpensive box cameras during the interwar years, all enhanced by the opera, theater, and gastronomy, facilitated the emergence of France as a leading tourism destination. During the interwar years, the Michelin Tire Company and Thomas Cook’s promoted battlefield tourism with guidebooks to First World War sites. Now a country that “one had to visit” to be considered culturally sophisticated in much of the western world, an elevated status appreciated by many locals as well, interwar France attracted Americans including Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, and Josephine Baker, and Germans such as Friedrich Sieburg, who wrote of “living like God in France.”

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