Contested governance of housing for low-and middle-income groups in European city-regions:

Comparing the housing situation of European city-regions is complicated by the large differences between social-economic and institutional conditions. In the first part of the chapter, a global indication is given of the different tenures, the differences of accessibility, and the recent tendencies of housing conditions. Social and private rent appear to be the most common arrangements for low- and middle-income groups; these are provided by different public and private sector agencies. The second part of the chapter discusses recent experiences of articulating the commissioning role of tenants vis à vis the public sector, the market and the established developers in a number of significant cases.

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Study on Home Chairs Design Evaluation for Low-and Middle-income Groups Based on User Experience

International Journal of Scientific Research and Management ◽

10.18535/ijsrm/v8i01.ec01 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (01) ◽

pp. 307-313

Author(s):

Xianshu Leng ◽

Hong Zhang ◽

Ding Feng

Keyword(s):

User Experience ◽

Evaluation Method ◽

Emotional Experience ◽

Sensory Experience ◽

Living Environment ◽

Design Evaluation ◽

Middle Income ◽

Income Groups ◽

Economic Experience ◽

Low And Middle Income

Pay attention to the home living environment of low-and middle-income groups, study the user-centered design evaluation method to guide the design of home chairs suitable for low-and middle-income groups. Introducing Analytic Hierarchy Process（AHP）into home chairs’ design evaluation, it establishes a different layer and different elements structure model based on sensory experience, behavioral experience, emotional experience and economic experience from the point of user experience. Scoring each element, it calculates and determines the weight value of every element, and forms an evaluation method of home chairs for low-and middle-income Groups. Using the method to evaluate the design schemes of 3 home chairs, it obtains the optimal scheme. Then, surveying the market sales data to verify the accuracy of the result. The evaluation method consists of four major elements: sensory experience(B1), 27%; behavior experience(B2), 41%; emotional experience(B3), 10%; economic experience(B4), 22%. The method can effectively solve the complex comparison of multiple elements in design evaluation and provide a comprehensive method combining qualitative and quantitative methods for product design, and provides reference for products design and evaluation of the same type

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Differences in diet patterns of mothers of preschool children from low and middle income groups

Nutrition Research ◽

10.1016/s0271-5317(88)80084-8 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 21-30

Author(s):

A.V.A. Resurreccion ◽

L.P. Paguio

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Middle Income ◽

Diet Patterns ◽

Income Groups ◽

Low And Middle Income

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HOUSING AND TRANSPORT EXPENDITURE: AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCATION HOUSING AFFORDABILITY

PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL ◽

10.21837/pm.v16i6.465 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

M. Azren Hassan ◽

Hazlina Hamdan ◽

Jamalunlaili Abdullah ◽

Yusfida Ayu Abdullah

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Housing Prices ◽

Income Group ◽

Housing Affordability ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Housing Cost ◽

Middle Income ◽

Income Groups ◽

Middle Income Group ◽

Low And Middle Income

In every country, the ability to own a house is vital for the housing market. During the past five years, housing prices in the urban area in Malaysia are becoming severely unaffordable. Housing affordability ensures that housing provided is affordable for every income groups, especially the low and middle income group. The measurement of housing affordability uses household income and housing cost but disregards transportation expenditure which is a substantial amount of household expenditure. Location of housing influences transportation expenditure. The research determines the Location Housing Affordability for the low and middle income group in an urban area. This study quantitatively examines Putra Height as one of the mature residential neighbourhoods in Selangor as well as due to the availability of public transit in the area. Housing affordability and transportation affordability create an integrated Location Housing Affordability Index. Data analysis utilizes the measurement of Location Housing Affordability Index. The findings showed that Location Housing Affordability Index recognizes location as influential factor to housing affordability of 179 respondents from low and middle income group. The findings also suggested that the houses in the urban area were seriously unaffordable for the low and middle income groups. The contribution of the research is the emphasis on location as a part of housing affordability measurement.

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HOUSING AND TRANSPORT EXPENDITURE: AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCATION HOUSING AFFORDABILITY

PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL ◽

10.21837/pmjournal.v16.i6.465 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

Author(s):

M. Azren Hassan ◽

Hazlina Hamdan ◽

Jamalunlaili Abdullah ◽

Yusfida Ayu Abdullah

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Housing Prices ◽

Income Group ◽

Housing Affordability ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Housing Cost ◽

Middle Income ◽

Income Groups ◽

Middle Income Group ◽

Low And Middle Income

In every country, the ability to own a house is vital for the housing market. During the past five years, housing prices in the urban area in Malaysia are becoming severely unaffordable. Housing affordability ensures that housing provided is affordable for every income groups, especially the low and middle income group. The measurement of housing affordability uses household income and housing cost but disregards transportation expenditure which is a substantial amount of household expenditure. Location of housing influences transportation expenditure. The research determines the Location Housing Affordability for the low and middle income group in an urban area. This study quantitatively examines Putra Height as one of the mature residential neighbourhoods in Selangor as well as due to the availability of public transit in the area. Housing affordability and transportation affordability create an integrated Location Housing Affordability Index. Data analysis utilizes the measurement of Location Housing Affordability Index. The findings showed that Location Housing Affordability Index recognizes location as influential factor to housing affordability of 179 respondents from low and middle income group. The findings also suggested that the houses in the urban area were seriously unaffordable for the low and middle income groups. The contribution of the research is the emphasis on location as a part of housing affordability measurement.

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The housing finance system in Turkey

International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis ◽

10.1108/ijhma-01-2013-0001 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 363-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hamza Gülter ◽

Eyup Basti

Keyword(s):

Urban Poor ◽

Housing Finance ◽

Housing Development ◽

Mortgage Loan ◽

Housing Sector ◽

Middle Income ◽

Content Type ◽

Income Groups ◽

Mortgage Law ◽

Low And Middle Income

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the housing sector of Turkey and present the housing development strategies developed by government enterprises for the urban poor in Turkey as successful examples. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology of the paper is descriptive. First of all, the literature on housing finance systems and sources of housing finance are stated. Then, the paper reviews housing finance systems applied in Turkey in the past to solve housing problems. Later, it describes current housing strategy to solve housing problems of low- and middle-income groups and also presents this strategy as a successful model to other countries. Moreover, mortgage law and the current situation of the Turkish housing sector are discussed within the study. Findings – As a result of economic normalization achieved after 2002, mortgage loans extended by commercial banks have increased in Turkey. Besides, governmental institutions, such as Housing Development Administration of Turkey (HDAT) and Istanbul Public Housing Corporation (KIPTAS), apply very extensive projects to allow low- and middle-income groups to have their dwellings. In 2007, the Turkish Parliament enacted mortgage law and defined rules and actors of the mortgage sector. However, as a consequence of economic deterioration in the world economy, mortgage loan receivables-backed securities could not be issued to public yet. Public issuance of mortgage loan receivables-backed securities in the future are expected to direct more long-term funds to the housing sector and also to provide an additional investment instrument for the individual and institutional investors. Originality/value – The housing production and finance models developed by the HDAT and KIPTAS can be good models for the solution of housing problems of urban poor in other countries.

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Affordable Housing in Turkey: User Satisfaction in Tokİ Houses

Open House International ◽

10.1108/ohi-03-2011-b0006 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 49-61

Author(s):

Miray Gür ◽

Neslihan Dostoğlu

Keyword(s):

Affordable Housing ◽

User Satisfaction ◽

Current Status ◽

Physical Factors ◽

Housing Policies ◽

Middle Income ◽

The Public ◽

Income Groups ◽

The Government ◽

Low And Middle Income

Affordable housing policies in Turkey have reached a new stage over the last decade in the context of the TOKİ model advocated by the government. Housing developed by TOKİ (the Public Housing Administration), the top official agency responsible for affordable housing policies in Turkey, has become so widespread in all cities of Turkey that it involves not only the construction sector but also trade associations and the public in general. In this article, following a general discussion of the demand and supply of housing in Turkey, we evaluate user satisfaction and the quality of TOKİ implementations since 2000 for low- and middle-income groups in Bursa, the fourth largest city in Turkey. Bursa sets an interesting example for the study because of the city's long-term prominence in commerce and its current status as an important industrial city. Massive migrations and unplanned urbanization have resulted in a need for housing for every income group in Bursa, especially for low- and middle-income groups. The emphasis in this study is that, in addition to quantity, quality should be considered in housing production. Furthermore, the implementation of TOKİ should be aimed at developing more habitable and higher-quality environments by considering all socio-cultural and physical factors. It is expected that these evaluations will lead to the development of a more comprehensive affordable housing policy in Turkey..

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