FRENCH NEW WAVE AND GODARD IN THE 1960S

2013 ◽  
pp. 47-72
Keyword(s):  
New Wave ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Baker

Glauber Rocha de Andrade (Vitória da Conquista, 1939–1981) was a Brazilian film critic, screenwriter, producer, and director. Arguably the most important director of the cinema nôvo (New Cinema) movement of the 1960s and 1970s, he began his career as a film critic, writing for well-known Brazilian journals about Italian neorealism and the French New Wave – two crucial influences on his own work. His writings criticized Brazil's commercial cinema and called for a new type of film that would represent the reality of Brazilian life. His most famous essay in this regard is "Estética da Fome" ("An Esthetic of Hunger," 1965). The essay reflects on the neo-colonial condition of Brazilian cinema through the analogy of the starvation of the Brazilian people and the intellectual starvation of its cinematic tradition; anti-colonial revolutionary violence is the only possible solution to these plights. This theoretical viewpoint is reflected in his Deu e o Diabo na Terra do Sol (Black God, White Devil, 1964), a film which earned him recognition on the international scene and in Brazil as the unchallenged leader of a new generation.


Author(s):  
Ryan Cook

Nagisa Oshima (大島渚/Ōshima Nagisa, b. 1932–d. 2013) is a paradox: one of the most iconic filmmakers in Japanese film history, but one whose body of work is among the most iconoclastic. Oshima was a wayward product of Japan’s postwar studio system. He entered the Shochiku Studio in 1954 after studying law at Kyoto University and cut his professional teeth during the studio golden age, but from his feature directorial debut in 1959 he demonstrated the restlessness and unorthodoxy characteristic of the new youth cinema. His 1960 film Cruel Story of Youth (Seishun zankoku monogatari), along with published editorials denouncing the stagnation of the studio system, assured his position as a representative of the Shochiku New Wave, a group of newly promoted young directors marketed as Japan’s answer to the French New Wave (Oshima later said that he disliked the label). He left Shochiku in 1961 in protest over the shelving of his politically charged 1960 film Night and Fog in Japan (Nihon no yoru to kiri), a striking reflection on student movement factionalism, which was pulled from theaters days after its release. He founded his own production company (Sozosha) the same year, and later worked closely with the Art Theatre Guild, helping forge the path for independent art film production in Japan. He was prolific and provocative during the 1960s: both an influential filmmaker and a public intellectual. But despite his visibility, he resisted auteurist assessment. His body of work includes many bold, perplexing experiments, but generally lacks a consistent signature style. The 1960s theatrical films range from the photo roman–style montages of still photographs and drawn images in Diary of Yunbogi (Yunbogi no nikki) and Band of Ninja (Ninja bugeicho) to the Brechtian theatricality of Death by Hanging (Koshikei), his 1968 international breakthrough film. He made television documentaries, and spent much of his late career as a television commentator and personality. His 1976 French-Japanese coproduction In the Realm of the Senses (Ai no korida) tested the boundaries between the art film and pornography, and was the subject of an obscenity trial in Japan. It also placed him at the international forefront of cinematic modernism. Oshima is known for the reliability of his confrontational posture more than for a recognizable style. He interrogated Japan’s postwar democracy, victim consciousness, and political movements as well as Japan’s relationship to its “others” (notably Koreans), and constantly questioned authority. His post-1970s films, notably Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (Senjo no meri Kurisumasu) and Taboo (Gohatto), provocatively explore historical subjects through the lens of homosociality.


Author(s):  
Mary M. Wiles

As a pioneer of the French New Wave, Jacques Rivette was one of a group of directors who permanently altered the world's perception of cinema by taking the camera out of the studios and into the streets. His films, including Paris nous appartient, Out 1: Noli me tangere, Céline et Julie vont en bateau: Phantom Ladies Over Paris, La belle noiseuse, Secret défense, and Va savoir are extraordinary combinations of intellectual depth, playfulness, and sensuous beauty. This book provides a thorough account of the director's career from the burgeoning French New Wave to the present day, focusing on the theatricality of Rivette's films and his explorations of the relationship between cinema and fine arts such as painting, literature, music, and dance. The book also explores the intellectual interests that shaped Rivette's approach to film, including Sartre's existentialism, Barthes's structuralism, and the radical theater of the 1960s. The volume concludes with an insightful interview with Rivette.


Author(s):  
Lorenzo J. Torres Hortelano

The Iranian New Wave began when a group of young Iranian directors—following developments in the Iranian cultural arena with origins in the political and social changes of the 1950s and 1960s—started, in the mid-1960s, to make films that broke radically from the conventions of Film Farsi, the mainstream Iranian cinema that no longer satisfied the audience. These directors shared some characteristics: many had been educated abroad, and some were initially engaged in film criticism and showed a passion for modern literature. In fact, the interaction between literature and cinema is a main feature of the Iranian New Wave or Mowj-e No. The 1960s was a "golden era" of Iranian literature, one which influenced films such as Khest va Ayeneh [The Brick and the Mirror] (1965) by one of the forerunners of the New Wave, the writer Ebrahim Golestan, who employed modern techniques of storytelling in it. Although Golestan’s masterpiece is set in Teheran, many New Wave films deal with rural areas and their visual significance. Unlike the French New Wave [Nouvelle vague] or Italian Neorealism, the directors started filming without a significant theoretical framework, and engaged in cinema as a work-in-progress.


Author(s):  
Alistair Fox

This book investigates the coming-of-age genre as a significant phenomenon in New Zealand’s national cinema, tracing its development from the 1970s to the present day. A preliminary chapter identifies the characteristics of the coming-of-age film as a genre, tracing its evolution and the influence of the French New Wave and European Art Cinema, and speculating on the role of the genre in the output of national cinemas. Through case studies of fifteen significant films, including The God Boy, Sleeping Dogs, The Scarecrow, Vigil, Mauri, An Angel at My Table, Heavenly Creatures, Once Were Warriors, Rain, Whale Rider, In My Father’s Den, 50 Ways of Saying Fabulous, Boy, Mahana, and Hunt for the Wilderpeople, subsequent chapters examine thematic preoccupations of filmmakers such as the impact of repressive belief systems and social codes, the experience of cultural dislocation, the expression of a Māori perspective through an indigenous “Fourth Cinema,” bicultural relationships, and issues of sexual identity, arguing that these films provide a unique insight into the cultural formation of New Zealanders. Given that the majority of films are adaptations of literary sources, the book also explores the dialogue each film conducts with the nation’s literature, showing how the time frame of each film is updated in a way that allows these films to be considered as a register of important cultural shifts that have occurred as New Zealanders have sought to discover their emerging national identity.


2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
B. Ruby Rich

Paradigmatic American filmmaker Richard Linklater’s Boyhood has been much praised from the moment of its release (2014). The scope of this twelve-year project is more than a stunt, and the making of the film has become a birthright. This article weighs in on the film and its reception, considers Linklater’s French New Wave influences, and addresses how gender has been so muted, rendered illegible, if not irrelevant in the film’s reception.


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