The Female Advantage

2021 ◽  
pp. 164-179
Keyword(s):  
Female Advantage

scholarly journals Selective Auditory Attention Associated With Language Skills but Not With Executive Functions in Swedish Preschoolers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Signe Tonér ◽  
Petter Kallioinen ◽  
Francisco Lacerda
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Auditory Attention ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Preschool Attendance ◽  
Female Advantage ◽  
Future Work

Associations between language and executive functions (EFs) are well-established but previous work has often focused more on EFs than on language. To further clarify the language–EF relationship, we assessed several aspects of language and EFs in 431 Swedish children aged 4–6, including selective auditory attention which was measured in an event-related potential paradigm. We also investigated potential associations to age, socioeconomic status (SES), bi-/multilingualism, sex and aspects of preschool attendance and quality. Language and EFs correlated weakly to moderately, indicating that relying on measures of vocabulary alone may overestimate the strength of the language–EF relationship. Contrary to predictions, we found no correlations between selective attention and EFs. There were however correlations between morphosyntactic accuracy and selective auditory attention which is in line with previous work and suggests a specific link between morphosyntax and the ability to suppress irrelevant stimuli. In Sweden, socioeconomic differences are rather small and preschool is universally available, but nevertheless, aspects of parental SES predicted children’s performance on all measures. Bi-/multilingual children performed lower on language also when controlling for SES, highlighting the need for interventions to reduce inequalities in educational outcomes already in preschool. A female advantage was found for both language and EFs, whereas preschool attendance and quality were not significantly related to outcome measures. Future work should include longitudinal studies of language and EF development, include children from diverse SES backgrounds and contribute toward a theoretical framework that further clarifies the language–EF relationship.

A Female Advantage in the Imitation of Gestures by Preschool Children

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Chipman ◽  
Elizabeth Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Female Advantage

scholarly journals A female advantage in basic face recognition is absent in schizophrenia

2010 ◽  
Vol 177 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan McBain ◽  
Daniel Norton ◽  
Yue Chen
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Female Advantage

Beta-receptors and surface active material flux in fetal lamb lung: female advantage

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 828-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Warburton ◽  
L. Parton ◽  
S. Buckley ◽  
L. Cosico ◽  
T. Saluna
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Degree Polynomial ◽  
Beta Adrenergic ◽  
Female Advantage ◽  
Beta Agonists ◽  
Beta Receptors ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Active Material

We correlated the ontogeny of pulmonary beta-adrenergic receptors with the onset of surface active material (SAM) flux into tracheal fluid of male and female chronically catheterized fetal lambs. SAM flux began between 0.82 and 0.85 gestation in the females and between 0.85 and 0.89 gestation in the males and matured more rapidly thereafter in the females than in the males (P less than 0.01). beta-Adrenergic receptor binding, using [3H]dihydroalprenolol as the ligand, was saturable, linear, and stereospecific. The order of potency of competitive beta-agonists was isoproterenol greater than norepinephrine greater than epinephrine. The maximal binding capacity (Bmax) of pulmonary beta-receptors approximately doubled between 0.84 and 0.89 gestation, coinciding with the onset of SAM flux. Bmax matured as a third degree polynomial function of gestational age in females (r = 0.9, P less than 0.001) but as a linear function in males (r = 0.8, P less than 0.005). Between 0.86 and 0.93 gestation, Bmax was 1.45-fold greater in females than males (P less than 0.001). The dissociation constant of beta-receptors was not influenced significantly by gender or gestation. We conclude that maturation of pulmonary beta-receptors coincides with the onset of SAM flux in fetal lambs and that both mature more rapidly in females. We speculate that pulmonary beta-receptor maturation and SAM flux are coregulated by hormonal factors. More rapid maturation of pulmonary beta-receptors and SAM flux in females may be a factor in the female advantage with regard to pulmonary surfactant maturation and the survival of premature neonates.

Servant leadership transmission and a female advantage: Building and testing a contingent theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
pp. 16157
Author(s):  
G. James Lemoine ◽  
Terry C. Blum ◽  
Daniel I Watts ◽  
Wesley R. Kean
Keyword(s):  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Female Advantage

Is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect More Robust in Women?

Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-657
Author(s):  
Brian K. Foutch ◽  
Carl J. Bassi
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Color Purity ◽  
Gender Dimorphism ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Female Advantage ◽  
Low Luminance ◽  
Heterochromatic Flicker Photometry ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Female Subjects

For gray or achromatic objects, brightness is a relatively simple transformation where very low luminance levels are perceived as black and higher levels are perceived as white. For chromatic objects, the transformation is more complex, depending on color purity as well. This influence of color purity on a color’s perceived brightness is a well-established phenomenon known as the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H-K) effect. We investigated gender differences in the H-K effect by measuring brightness (via direct brightness matching [DBM]) and luminance (via heterochromatic flicker photometry [HFP]) at five wavelengths (450, 520, 560, 580, and 650 nm) perceived as blue, green, green-yellow, yellow, and red hues. We compared DBM/HFP ratios between 13 males and 18 females. Based on previous evidence of a female advantage in chromatic processes, we hypothesized that DBM/HFP ratios would be higher in female subjects. While HFP measures were essentially the same between male and female subjects, DBM measures and DBM/HFP ratios were significantly higher for female subjects than males. There were no significant effects of contraceptive use based on a post hoc comparison. We also derived simple models of brightness as a function of luminance and saturation, which further suggest gender dimorphism in the H-K effect.

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