Cortisol, also called “the” stress hormone is a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. This hormone plays a significant role in
maintaining homeostasis, according to the body’s total stress. Cortisol interferes with many organs, affects glucose and fatty acids metabolism
and neurotransmitter secretion. Predominantly, cortisol influences the carbohydrate metabolism, stimulating gluconeogenesis
in the liver and inhibiting glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. As it is an element “fight or flight” it also stimulates central nervous
system and enhances blood flow. To some extent cortisol influences also the renal handling of electrolytes, namely: increasing sodium
resorption, and renal excretion of potassium, calcium and phosphates. Through its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive character
this glucocorticoid modulates the immune system functioning. Cortisol has a circadian rhythm following ACTH (adrenocorticotropic
hormone) secretion. Increased cortisol levels are observed physiologically during stress and pathologically in Cushing’s syndrome.
Chronic hypercortisolism is harmful or the body, and its effects present an extremely wide spectrum, including insulin resistance, obesity,
insomnia and even depression. Thus, laboratory diagnosis of cortisol level is important for the diagnosis, monitoring and evaluate the
effectiveness of hypercortisolism treatment.