How the Stoics Became Atheists

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Philosophical Framework

This chapter explores the wider and largely Continental story of how the Stoics became atheists. The Neostoicisms of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century had been explicitly intended as supplements to mainstream varieties of Christianity. Indeed, even Lipsius remained consistent with his argument that Stoicism, with respect to both its ethics and its physics, provided an appropriate philosophical framework for a well-lived Christian life. Though a number of factors during the seventeenth century had contributed to the Stoics' atheistic turn, as this chapter shows, this shift within Stoicism is credited to Benedict Spinoza and his detailed examinations on the nature of God.

scholarly journals The Place of Theological Education in the Preparation of Men and Women for the British Baptist Ministry then and Now

Perichoresis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Theological Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Biblical Languages ◽  
Academically Gifted

Abstract Using principally, though not exclusively, the learning of the biblical languages, this paper seeks to demonstrate four things. Firstly, from their beginnings in the early seventeenth century the majority of British Baptists have believed that the study of theology is essential for their ministers, and that the provision of such an education through their colleges is necessary for the well-being of the churches. Secondly, and contrary to misconceptions among Baptists and those of other traditions, Baptists have always had ministers who have been highly trained theologically, and that this has enriched their service as pastors. Thirdly, it reveals that Baptists today have a wealth of both academically-gifted and theologically-astute pastortheologians and pastor-scholars. Finally, it argues that theology has always played its part in the renewal of Christian life and witness for which so many Christians today are praying.

Damaris Cudworth Masham: A Seventeenth Century Feminist Philosopher

Hypatia ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois Frankel
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
Feminist Literature ◽  
Male Experience ◽  
Ralph Cudworth ◽  
Female Experience

The daughter of Ralph Cudworth, and friend of John Locke, Damaris Masham was also a philosopher in her own right. She published two, philosophical books, A Discourse Concerning the Love of God and Occasional Thoughts In Reference to a Virtuous and Christian Life. Her primary purpose was to refute John Norris’ Malebranchian doctrine that we ought to love only God because only God can give us pleasure, and his criticism of Locke. In addition, she argues for greater educational opportunities for women, and an end to the double standard in sexual morality. Recent feminist literature has suggested that women and men may take different ethical and epistemological stands based on differences between the ‘female experience’, and the ‘male experience’. While leaving aside questions pertaining to the accuracy of these suggestions, this paper discusses some aspects of Mash’ am's thought which might be considered representative of the ‘female experience.’

scholarly journals The Procreative Powers of the Wind: a Study of the Concept of Wind Impregnation According to Graeco-Roman and Other Traditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Janis Rowan Blayney
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Central Topic ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Nature Development ◽  
The Individual

<p>The central topic of this thesis is the concept of wind impregnation (Motif T524 Conception from wind) as found in Greek and Roman thought and life. It is suggested that the concept exists in a variety of forms, distinguished by the six different animate beings with which the wind is linked, namely, mares, hens, tigers, vultures, sheep, and (mythical or legendary) women. The nature, development and transmission of these six traditions are discussed : it is demonstrated that all six traditions concerned persist beyond the fall of the Roman empire, with three continuing in existence until the seventeenth century; and that four out of the six traditions provide evidence of a concurrent oral tradition. In an effort to counteract the suggestion that the Graeco-Roman concept of wind impregnation is to be attributed to a lack of understanding of the prerequisites for procreation on the part of the ancients, the various theories of conception proposed by Greek and Roman scholars in the period from the early fifth century BC to the late second century AD are examined. This survey demonstrates that the ancients in fact took a considerable interest in, and had a detailed knowledge of the process of conception. The thesis concludes that there is no one explanation for the existence of the ancient concept, of wind impregnation; rather, it is to be attributed to the combination of a number of factors, most notably, the nature of the individual winds, and ancient attitudes towards them; the ancient connection of wind and soul; the nature of the animals with which the wind is linked, and the associations of those winds for the ancients.</p>

Early Modern Pietism

2015 ◽  
pp. 401-435
Author(s):  
Jonathan Strom ◽  
Hartmut Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Biblical Authority ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Renewal Movement

Pietism became the most important Protestant renewal movement in central Europe after the Reformation. This essay surveys the origins and theological consequences of the movement in the context of the crises of the seventeenth century and the rise of the Enlightenment. Pietists concerned themselves primarily with reform of the Christian life rather than doctrine, but Pietism presented new challenges for ecclesiology, Biblical authority, eschatology, regeneration, and the conception of theology. The various streams of Pietism remained heterogeneous and could differ significantly on issues such as millenarianism, prophecy, and ecclesiology. Where early Pietists could be innovative and progressive, later Pietists reacted strongly against the rise of rationalism and the Enlightenment, increasingly emphasizing Biblicism and allying themselves with conservative tendencies.

scholarly journals The Procreative Powers of the Wind: a Study of the Concept of Wind Impregnation According to Graeco-Roman and Other Traditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Janis Rowan Blayney
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Central Topic ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Nature Development ◽  
The Individual

<p>The central topic of this thesis is the concept of wind impregnation (Motif T524 Conception from wind) as found in Greek and Roman thought and life. It is suggested that the concept exists in a variety of forms, distinguished by the six different animate beings with which the wind is linked, namely, mares, hens, tigers, vultures, sheep, and (mythical or legendary) women. The nature, development and transmission of these six traditions are discussed : it is demonstrated that all six traditions concerned persist beyond the fall of the Roman empire, with three continuing in existence until the seventeenth century; and that four out of the six traditions provide evidence of a concurrent oral tradition. In an effort to counteract the suggestion that the Graeco-Roman concept of wind impregnation is to be attributed to a lack of understanding of the prerequisites for procreation on the part of the ancients, the various theories of conception proposed by Greek and Roman scholars in the period from the early fifth century BC to the late second century AD are examined. This survey demonstrates that the ancients in fact took a considerable interest in, and had a detailed knowledge of the process of conception. The thesis concludes that there is no one explanation for the existence of the ancient concept, of wind impregnation; rather, it is to be attributed to the combination of a number of factors, most notably, the nature of the individual winds, and ancient attitudes towards them; the ancient connection of wind and soul; the nature of the animals with which the wind is linked, and the associations of those winds for the ancients.</p>

scholarly journals The Procreative Powers of the Wind: a Study of the Concept of Wind Impregnation According to Graeco-Roman and Other Traditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Janis Rowan Blayney
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Central Topic ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Nature Development ◽  
The Individual

<p>The central topic of this thesis is the concept of wind impregnation (Motif T524 Conception from wind) as found in Greek and Roman thought and life. It is suggested that the concept exists in a variety of forms, distinguished by the six different animate beings with which the wind is linked, namely, mares, hens, tigers, vultures, sheep, and (mythical or legendary) women. The nature, development and transmission of these six traditions are discussed : it is demonstrated that all six traditions concerned persist beyond the fall of the Roman empire, with three continuing in existence until the seventeenth century; and that four out of the six traditions provide evidence of a concurrent oral tradition. In an effort to counteract the suggestion that the Graeco-Roman concept of wind impregnation is to be attributed to a lack of understanding of the prerequisites for procreation on the part of the ancients, the various theories of conception proposed by Greek and Roman scholars in the period from the early fifth century BC to the late second century AD are examined. This survey demonstrates that the ancients in fact took a considerable interest in, and had a detailed knowledge of the process of conception. The thesis concludes that there is no one explanation for the existence of the ancient concept, of wind impregnation; rather, it is to be attributed to the combination of a number of factors, most notably, the nature of the individual winds, and ancient attitudes towards them; the ancient connection of wind and soul; the nature of the animals with which the wind is linked, and the associations of those winds for the ancients.</p>

scholarly journals The Procreative Powers of the Wind: a Study of the Concept of Wind Impregnation According to Graeco-Roman and Other Traditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Janis Rowan Blayney
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Central Topic ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Nature Development ◽  
The Individual

<p>The central topic of this thesis is the concept of wind impregnation (Motif T524 Conception from wind) as found in Greek and Roman thought and life. It is suggested that the concept exists in a variety of forms, distinguished by the six different animate beings with which the wind is linked, namely, mares, hens, tigers, vultures, sheep, and (mythical or legendary) women. The nature, development and transmission of these six traditions are discussed : it is demonstrated that all six traditions concerned persist beyond the fall of the Roman empire, with three continuing in existence until the seventeenth century; and that four out of the six traditions provide evidence of a concurrent oral tradition. In an effort to counteract the suggestion that the Graeco-Roman concept of wind impregnation is to be attributed to a lack of understanding of the prerequisites for procreation on the part of the ancients, the various theories of conception proposed by Greek and Roman scholars in the period from the early fifth century BC to the late second century AD are examined. This survey demonstrates that the ancients in fact took a considerable interest in, and had a detailed knowledge of the process of conception. The thesis concludes that there is no one explanation for the existence of the ancient concept, of wind impregnation; rather, it is to be attributed to the combination of a number of factors, most notably, the nature of the individual winds, and ancient attitudes towards them; the ancient connection of wind and soul; the nature of the animals with which the wind is linked, and the associations of those winds for the ancients.</p>

English Protestantism (1520–1700)

2020 ◽  
pp. 260-288
Author(s):  
David W. Kling
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
John Bunyan ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Spiritual State

This chapter examines conversion from the English Reformers to John Bunyan. Beginning with William Tyndale’s translation and annotations of the New Testament, the early evangelical movement promoted a religious culture that uplifted conversion as an ideal of Christian life. By the end of the sixteenth century, Puritan practical divinity represented the first concerted effort to make conversion the standard that separated true Christianity from its counterfeits. In journals, diaries, treatises, and autobiographies, Puritans scrutinized their spiritual state and described conversion as a profound, overwhelming, totally transforming experience. In preaching and catechizing, they uplifted conversion as the sine qua non of the Christian life. Their rhetoric of conversion, including their detailed morphologies of conversion, became a ubiquitous feature of Protestant discourse in the seventeenth century. By century’s end, not only in England but also on the Continent and in New England, a reformulated understanding of conversion transcended ecclesiastical structures and increasingly centered on the individual’s direct relationship to God.

The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Control Image ◽  
Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

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