scholarly journals Consumption Behavior and Household Economies of Scale An Analysis of Variations across Rural-Urban Regions of Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Babar Aziz ◽  
Sarah Wasim ◽  
Zahid Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Household Economies ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Expenditure Elasticity ◽  
Normal Goods ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
Household Economies Of Scale

The study attempts to explore the expenditure elasticities of various food items across the provinces of Pakistan while taking in to account the rural and urban regions separately. Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey (hereafter HIICS) data for the year 2015-2016 is utilized. In addition, the household economies of scale towards the consumption are also being focused on the same lines. The study has made use of double log specification of Engel curve. The included 20 food items are appeared as normal commodities having expenditure elasticity less than one. All the expenditure elasticities have positive signs and are less than one which shows that all the food commodities are necessities and normal goods i.e. as income increases their expenditure will increase at a decreasing rate. The negative sign of the household size depicts that there is a negative relationship with consumption i.e. supports the notion that households with higher family size enjoy the economies of scale towards the consumption of food.

scholarly journals Implications of declining household economies of scale on electricity consumption and sustainability in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 106981
Author(s):  
Wenchao Wu ◽  
Yuko Kanamori ◽  
Runsen Zhang ◽  
Qian Zhou ◽  
Kiyoshi Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Household Economies ◽  
Household Economies Of Scale

scholarly journals Household Sharing for Carbon and Energy Reductions: The Case of EU Countries

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Ivanova ◽  
Milena Büchs
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Household Economies ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Typology ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Household Economies Of Scale

As households get smaller worldwide, the extent of sharing within households reduces, resulting in rising per capita energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article examines for the first time the differences in household economies of scale across EU countries as a way to support reductions in energy use and GHG emissions, while considering differences in effects across consumption domains and urban-rural typology. A country-comparative analysis is important to facilitate the formulation of context-specific initiatives and policies for resource sharing. We find that one-person households are most carbon- and energy-intensive per capita with an EU average of 9.2 tCO2eq/cap and 0.14 TJ/cap, and a total contribution of about 17% to the EU’s carbon and energy use. Two-person households contribute about 31% to the EU carbon and energy footprint, while those of five or more members add about 9%. The average carbon and energy footprints of an EU household of five or more is about half that of a one-person average household, amounting to 4.6 tCO2eq/cap and 0.07 TJ/cap. Household economies of scale vary substantially across consumption categories, urban-rural typology and EU countries. Substantial household economies of scale are noted for home energy, real estate services and miscellaneous services such as waste treatment and water supply; yet, some of the weakest household economies of scale occur in high carbon domains such as transport. Furthermore, Northern and Central European states are more likely to report strong household economies of scale—particularly in sparsely populated areas—compared to Southern and Eastern European countries. We discuss ways in which differences in household economies of scale may be linked to social, political and climatic conditions. We also provide policy recommendations for encouraging sharing within and between households as a contribution to climate change mitigation.

scholarly journals Incidence and prevalence of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) in Poland – differences between rural and urban regions

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Kanecki ◽  
Paweł Goryński ◽  
Patryk Tarka ◽  
Waldemar Wierzba ◽  
Piotr Tyszko
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Rural And Urban

Pharmacies and features of the built environment associated with opioid overdose: A geospatial comparison of rural and urban regions in Alabama, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 102736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Chichester ◽  
Grant Drawve ◽  
Alejandro Giménez-Santana ◽  
Michelle Sisson ◽  
Brandi McCleskey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals Using Field-level Characteristics as Proxy Measures to Test for the Presence of Economies of Scale in Nonpoint Pollution Control

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-386
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Caplan ◽  
John Gilbert ◽  
Devalina Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Nonpoint Pollution ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Field Level ◽  
Combine Load

We use parametric and nonparametric methods to estimate correlations between average control cost and three field-level characteristics—field size and delivered phosphorous per field and per acre—as proxies for economies of scale in controlling nonpoint pollution. We combine load and delivery-ratio estimates for more than 12,000 fields in the Bear River Basin, Utah, with estimates of control costs and effectiveness of management practices from the literature. Results suggest a negative relationship between control cost and delivered phosphorous per field and per acre. Ranking fields by phosphorous load therefore prioritizes management-practice subsidies by economies of scale.

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