Food Expenditure, Food Preparation Time and Household Economies of Scale

The study attempts to explore the expenditure elasticities of various food items across the provinces of Pakistan while taking in to account the rural and urban regions separately. Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey (hereafter HIICS) data for the year 2015-2016 is utilized. In addition, the household economies of scale towards the consumption are also being focused on the same lines. The study has made use of double log specification of Engel curve. The included 20 food items are appeared as normal commodities having expenditure elasticity less than one. All the expenditure elasticities have positive signs and are less than one which shows that all the food commodities are necessities and normal goods i.e. as income increases their expenditure will increase at a decreasing rate. The negative sign of the household size depicts that there is a negative relationship with consumption i.e. supports the notion that households with higher family size enjoy the economies of scale towards the consumption of food.

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Household Sharing for Carbon and Energy Reductions: The Case of EU Countries

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13081909 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1909 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Diana Ivanova ◽

Milena Büchs

Keyword(s):

Energy Use ◽

Economies Of Scale ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Total Contribution ◽

Eu Countries ◽

Household Economies ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Rural Typology ◽

Per Capita ◽

Household Economies Of Scale

As households get smaller worldwide, the extent of sharing within households reduces, resulting in rising per capita energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article examines for the first time the differences in household economies of scale across EU countries as a way to support reductions in energy use and GHG emissions, while considering differences in effects across consumption domains and urban-rural typology. A country-comparative analysis is important to facilitate the formulation of context-specific initiatives and policies for resource sharing. We find that one-person households are most carbon- and energy-intensive per capita with an EU average of 9.2 tCO2eq/cap and 0.14 TJ/cap, and a total contribution of about 17% to the EU’s carbon and energy use. Two-person households contribute about 31% to the EU carbon and energy footprint, while those of five or more members add about 9%. The average carbon and energy footprints of an EU household of five or more is about half that of a one-person average household, amounting to 4.6 tCO2eq/cap and 0.07 TJ/cap. Household economies of scale vary substantially across consumption categories, urban-rural typology and EU countries. Substantial household economies of scale are noted for home energy, real estate services and miscellaneous services such as waste treatment and water supply; yet, some of the weakest household economies of scale occur in high carbon domains such as transport. Furthermore, Northern and Central European states are more likely to report strong household economies of scale—particularly in sparsely populated areas—compared to Southern and Eastern European countries. We discuss ways in which differences in household economies of scale may be linked to social, political and climatic conditions. We also provide policy recommendations for encouraging sharing within and between households as a contribution to climate change mitigation.

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WIVES' RELATIONSHIPS WITH FOOD AND PATTERNS OF FAMILY DISTRESS

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.1995.23.2.111 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 111-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pat M. Keith ◽

Robert B. Schafer ◽

Elisabeth Schafer

Keyword(s):

Food Preparation ◽

Preparation Time ◽

And Control ◽

Family Distress

Using a framework of efficacy and commitment, this research investigated whether food-related activities and attitudes were significant enough in the lives of women to differentiate among four patterns of family distress (distressed, undistressed, wife-distressed, and husband-distressed families). Data from personal interviews with 155 women indicated efficacy in food preparation, time spent at work, and control over personal eating differentiated among patterns of family distress.

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Estimating equivalence scales and non-food needs in Egypt: Parametric and semiparametric regression modeling

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0256017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0256017

Author(s):

Fuad A. Awwad ◽

Suzan Abdel-Rahman ◽

Mohamed R. Abonazel

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Economies Of Scale ◽

Semiparametric Regression ◽

Estimation Methods ◽

Partial Linear Model ◽

Equivalence Scales ◽

Consumption Behavior ◽

Deprivation Indices ◽

Food Expenditure ◽

Food Needs

This paper investigated the appropriate specifications of Engel curves for non-food expenditure categories and estimated the deprivation indices of non-food needs in rural areas using a semi parametric examination of the presence of saturation points. The study used the extended partial linear model (EPLM) and adopted two estimation methods—the double residual estimator and differencing estimator—to obtain flexible shapes across different expenditure categories and estimate equivalence scales. We drew on data of the Egyptian Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey (HIEC). Our paper provides empirical evidence that the rankings of most non-food expenditure categories is of rank three at most. Rural households showed high economies of scale in non-food consumption, with child’s needs accounting for only 10% of adult’s non-food needs. Based on semi-parametrically estimated consumption behavior, the tendency of non-food expenditure categories to saturate did not emerge. While based on parametrically estimated consumption behavior, rural areas exhibited higher deprivation indices in terms of health and education expenditure categories, which indicates the need to design specific programs economically targeting such vulnerable households.

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