This chapter argues that, contrary to ‘postcolonial’ claims, the Spanish ‘School of Salamanca’ was not overwhelmingly concerned with the need to justify the Spanish occupation of the Americas, but with creating an understanding of the ‘law of nations’ based upon the concept of a worldwide legal order. In terms of this, the Spanish Crown could only legitimate its presence in America if that could be shown to have brought benefits to the indigenous peoples in terms of protection from tyrannical rulers. None of this, however, could justify occupation or confer sovereignty and property rights on the conquering powers, although it would permit those powers to bring about a form of ‘regime change’. It also argues that all the ‘moral’ arguments for occupation employed by the European colonizing powers led logically and inexorably, if also unintentionally, to the ultimate ‘self-determination’ of the colonized.