Backward Recognition Masking in Relative Pitch Judgments

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic W. Massaro ◽  
Wendy L. Idson
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Target Tone ◽  
Silent Interval ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Critical Test ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Relative Pitch ◽  
Comparison Argument

Backward recognition masking refers to interference of a second masking tone with recognition of a target tone presented earlier in time. The degree of interference has been found to decrease as the length of the silent interval separating the two tones increases. These results have been interpreted as representing interference of the masking tone upon the preperceptual storage and perceptual resolution of the target. It is logically possible, however, that the masking tone does not interfere with perceptual resolution but interferes with comparison of the target to a long-term memory representation. The current research was designed to provide a critical test of this alternative hypothesis by modifying the backward recognition masking task. Subjects determined whether the masking tone was higher or lower in pitch than the target tone. The frequencies of the target and masking tones varied randomly across trials. This ensured that the task could not be performed by comparing the target to a representation in long-term memory. Nevertheless, masking was obtained in this task, arguing against the comparison argument and in favor of the perceptual resolution interpretation. Given that masking was obtained under both ipsilateral and contralateral presentation of the tones, the results argue for a central preperceptual auditory storage that holds information after the inputs from the two ears are combined in the auditory system.

Neuromagnetic reflections of harmony and constraint violations in Turkish

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Scharinger ◽  
William J. Idsardi ◽  
Samantha Poe
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
The Brain

AbstractVowel harmony is a phonotactic principle that requires adjacent vowels to agree in certain vowel features. Phonological theory considers this principle to be represented in one's native grammar, but its abstractness and perceptual consequences remain a matter of debate. In this paper, we are interested in the brain's response to violations of harmony in Turkish. For this purpose, we test two acoustically close and two acoustically distant vowel pairs in Turkish, involving different kinds of harmony violations. Our measure is the Mismatch Negativity (MMN), an automatic change detection response of the brain that has previously been applied for the study of native phoneme representations in a variety of languages. The results of our experiment support the view that vowel harmony is a phonological principle with a language-specific long-term memory representation. Asymmetries in MMN responses support a phonological analysis of the pattern of results, but do not provide evidence for a pure acoustic or a pure probabilistic approach. Phonological analyses are given within Optimality Theory (OT) and within an underspecification account.

scholarly journals Encoding of numerical information in memory: Magnitude or nominal?

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimmo Eriksson ◽  
Marcus Lindskog
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Digit Number ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Numerical Information ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
Single Piece ◽  
Analog Magnitude ◽  
Arabic Digits

In studies of long-term memory of multi-digit numbers the leading digit tends to be recalled correctly more often than less significant digits, which has been interpreted as evidence for an analog magnitude encoding of the numbers. However, upon closer examination of data from one of these studies we found that the distribution of recall errors does not fit a model based on analog encoding. Rather, the data suggested an alternative hypothesis that each digit of a number is encoded separately in long-term memory, and that encoding of one or more digits sometimes fails due to insufficient attention in which case they are simply guessed when recall is requested, with no regard for the presented value. To test this hypothesis of nominal encoding with value-independent mistakes, we conducted two studies with a total of 1,080 adults who were asked to recall a single piece of numerical information that had been presented in a story they had read earlier. The information was a three-digit number, manipulated between subjects with respect to its value (between 193 and 975), format (Arabic digits or words), and what it counted (baseball caps or grains of sand). Results were consistent with our hypothesis. Further, the leading digit was recalled correctly more often than less significant digits when the number was presented in Arabic digits but not when the number was presented in words; our interpretation of this finding is that the latter format does not focus readers’ attention on the leading digit.

scholarly journals Is Long-Term Memory Used in a Visuo-Spatial Change-Detection Paradigm?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Goecke ◽  
Klaus Oberauer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Repetition Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Hebb Repetition Effect

In tests of working memory with verbal or spatial materials repeating the same memory sets across trials leads to improved memory performance. This well-established “Hebb repetition effect” could not be shown for visual materials. This absence of the Hebb effect can be explained in two ways: Either persons fail to acquire a long-term memory representation of the repeated memory sets, or they acquire such long-term memory representations, but fail to use them during the working memory task. In two experiments, (N1 = 18 and N2 = 30), we aimed to decide between these two possibilities by manipulating the long-term memory knowledge of some of the memory sets used in a change-detection task. Before the change-detection test, participants learned three arrays of colors to criterion. The subsequent change-detection test contained both previously learned and new color arrays. Change detection performance was better on previously learned compared to new arrays, showing that long-term memory is used in change detection.

Visual Search May Not Require Target Representation in Working Memory or Long-Term Memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1547-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Li ◽  
Keyun Xin ◽  
Jiafei Lou ◽  
Zeyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Iconic Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Search Array ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Central Target

We spend a lot of time searching for things. If we know what we are looking for in advance, a memory representation of the target will be created to guide search. But if the identity of the search target is revealed simultaneously with the presentation of the search array, is a similar memory representation formed? In the present study, 96 observers determined whether a central target was present in a peripheral search array. The results revealed that as long as the central target remained available for inspection (even if only in iconic memory), observers reinspected it after each distractor was checked, apparently forgoing consolidation of the target into working memory. The present findings challenged the assumption that evaluating items in a search array must involve comparison with a template in working memory.

Spatiotemporal continuity alters long-term memory representation of objects

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Schurgin ◽  
Zachariah M. Reagh ◽  
Michael A. Yassa ◽  
Jonathan I. Flombaum
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals Formation of Long-Term Memory Representation in Human Temporal Cortex Related to Pictorial Paired Associates

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (33) ◽  
pp. 10335-10340 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-i. Yamashita ◽  
S. Hirose ◽  
A. Kunimatsu ◽  
S. Aoki ◽  
J. Chikazoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Paired Associates

scholarly journals Is long-term memory used in a visuo-spatial change-detection paradigm?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Goecke ◽  
Klaus Oberauer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Repetition Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Hebb Repetition Effect

AbstractIn tests of working memory with verbal or spatial materials, repeating the same memory sets across trials leads to improved memory performance. This well-established “Hebb repetition effect” could not be shown for visual materials in previous research. The absence of the Hebb effect can be explained in two ways: Either persons fail to acquire a long-term memory representation of the repeated memory sets, or they acquire such long-term memory representations, but fail to use them during the working memory task. In two experiments (N1 = 18 and N2 = 30), we aimed to decide between these two possibilities by manipulating the long-term memory knowledge of some of the memory sets used in a change-detection task. Before the change-detection test, participants learned three arrays of colors to criterion. The subsequent change-detection test contained both previously learned and new color arrays. Change detection performance was better on previously learned compared with new arrays, showing that long-term memory is used in change detection.

scholarly journals Organization and priming of long-term memory representations with two-phase plasticity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannik Luboeinski ◽  
Christian Tetzlaff
Keyword(s):  
Order Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Spontaneous Activation ◽  
Synaptic Tagging And Capture ◽  
The Individual

AbstractSynaptic tagging and capture (STC) is a molecular mechanism that accounts for the consolidation of synaptic changes induced by plasticity. To link this mechanism to long-term memory and thereby to the level of behavior, its dynamics on the level of recurrent networks have to be understood. To this end, we employ a biologically detailed neural network model of spiking neurons featuring STC, which models the learning and consolidation of long-term memory representations. Using this model, we investigate the effects of different organizational paradigms of multiple memory representations, and demonstrate a proof of principle for priming on long timescales. We examine these effects considering the spontaneous activation of memory representations as the network is driven by background noise. Our first finding is that the order in which the memory representations are learned significantly biases the likelihood of spontaneous activation towards more recently learned memory representations. Secondly, we find that hub-like structures counter this learning order effect for representations with less overlaps. We show that long-term depression is the mechanism underlying these findings, and that intermediate consolidation in between learning the individual representations strongly alters the described effects. Finally, we employ STC to demonstrate the priming of a long-term memory representation on a timescale of minutes to hours. As shown by these findings, our model provides a mechanistic synaptic and neuronal basis for known behavioral effects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document