HES1 is a novel downstream modifier of the SHH-GLI3 Axis in the development of preaxial polydactyly

Sonic Hedgehog/GLI3 signaling is critical in regulating digit number, such that Gli3-deficiency results in polydactyly and Shh-deficiency leads to digit number reductions. SHH/GLI3 signaling regulates cell cycle factors controlling mesenchymal cell proliferation, while simultaneously regulating Grem1 to coordinate BMP-induced chondrogenesis. SHH/GLI3 signaling also coordinates the expression of additional genes, however their importance in digit formation remain unknown. Utilizing genetic and molecular approaches, we identified HES1 as a downstream modifier of the SHH/GLI signaling axis capable of inducing preaxial polydactyly (PPD), required for Gli3-deficient PPD, and capable of overcoming digit number constraints of Shh-deficiency. Our data indicate that HES1, a direct SHH/GLI signaling target, induces mesenchymal cell proliferation via suppression of Cdkn1b, while inhibiting chondrogenic genes and the anterior autopod boundary regulator, Pax9. These findings establish HES1 as a critical downstream effector of SHH/GLI3 signaling in the development of PPD.

Implementation three-step algorithm based on signed digit number system by using neural network

The need for a simple and effective system that works with high efficiency features such as high processing speed, the ability to solve problems by learning method and accomplish the largest amount of data processing accurately and in little time produces that system, which attracted the efforts of the researcher to employ neural networks in computing away from the complexities that burden traditional computers. We presented a model for the design of the arithmetic circuit for the process of addition the sign digit numbers in a new way to deal with the arithmetic operations, which employment of the use of neural networks, this model includes a theoretical and practical simulation of them. The model relied on the implementation of the addition process based on a three-step algorithm adopted by the signed systems. Which is characterized by the possibility of execution in a parallel way, and therefore it provides the advantage of completion of arithmetic operation regardless of the length of their operands, or in other words, whatever the number of bits in the operands. The simulation of the model is done by entering operands for 6 addition operations (each one has operands are 15-bit length) to be executed simultaneously.

Pick the smaller number: No influence of linguistic markedness on three-digit number processing

The symbolic number comparison task has been widely used to investigate the cognitive representation and underlying processes of multi-digit number processing. The standard procedure to establish numerical distance and compatibility effects in such number comparison paradigms usually entails asking participants to indicate the larger of two presented multi-digit Arabic numbers rather than to indicate the smaller number. In terms of linguistic markedness, this procedure includes the unmarked/base form in the task instruction (i.e., large). Here we evaluate distance and compatibility effects in a three-digit number comparison task observed in Bahnmueller et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01216) using a marked task instruction (i.e., ‘pick the smaller number’). Moreover, we aimed at clarifying whether the markedness of task instruction influences common numerical effects and especially componential processing as indexed by compatibility effects. We instructed German- and English-speaking adults (N = 52) to indicate the smaller number in a three-digit number comparison task as opposed to indicating the larger number in Bahnmueller et al. (2015). We replicated standard effects of distance and compatibility in the new pick the smaller number experiment. Moreover, when comparing our findings to Bahnmueller et al. (2015), numerical effects did not differ significantly between the two studies as indicated by both frequentist and Bayesian analysis. Taken together our data suggest that distance and compatibility effects alongside componential processing of multi-digit numbers are rather robust against variations of linguistic markedness of task instructions.

Activation of the WNT-BMP-FGF Regulatory Network Induces the Onset of Cell Death in Anterior Mesodermal Cells to Establish the ANZ

The spatiotemporal control of programmed cell death (PCD) plays a significant role in sculpting the limb. In the early avian limb bud, the anterior necrotic zone (ANZ) and the posterior necrotic zone are two cell death regions associated with digit number reduction. In this study, we evaluated the first events triggered by the FGF, BMP, and WNT signaling interactions to initiate cell death in the anterior margin of the limb to establish the ANZ. This study demonstrates that in a period of two to 8 h after the inhibition of WNT or FGF signaling or the activation of BMP signaling, cell death was induced in the anterior margin of the limb concomitantly with the regulation of Dkk, Fgf8, and Bmp4 expression. Comparing the gene expression profile between the ANZ and the undifferentiated zone at 22HH and 25HH and between the ANZ of 22HH and 25HH stages correlates with functional programs controlled by the regulatory network FGF, BMP, and WNT signaling in the anterior margin of the limb. This work provides novel insights to recognize a negative feedback loop between FGF8, BMP4, and DKK to control the onset of cell death in the anterior margin of the limb to the establishment of the ANZ.

The First Step to Learning Place Value: A Role for Physical Models?

Very few questions have cast such an enduring effect in cognitive science as the question of “symbol-grounding”: Do human-invented symbol systems have to be grounded to physical objects to gain meanings? This question has strongly influenced research and practice in education involving the use of physical models and manipulatives. However, the evidence on the effectiveness of physical models is mixed. We suggest that rethinking physical models in terms of analogies, rather than groundings, offers useful insights. Three experiments with 4- to 6-year-old children showed that they can learn about how written multi-digit numbers are named and how they are used to represent relative magnitudes based on exposure to either a few pairs of written multi-digit numbers and their corresponding names, or exposure to multi-digit number names and their corresponding physical models made up by simple shapes (e.g., big-medium-small discs); but they failed to learn with traditional mathematical manipulatives (i.e., base-10 blocks, abacus) that provide a more complete grounding of the base-10 principles. These findings have implications for place value instruction in schools and for the determination of principles to guide the use of physical models.

Stretchable origami robotic arm with omnidirectional bending and twisting

Inspired by the embodied intelligence observed in octopus arms, we introduce magnetically controlled origami robotic arms based on Kresling patterns for multimodal deformations, including stretching, folding, omnidirectional bending, and twisting. The highly integrated motion of the robotic arms is attributed to inherent features of the reconfigurable Kresling unit, whose controllable bistable deploying/folding and omnidirectional bending are achieved through precise magnetic actuation. We investigate single- and multiple-unit robotic systems, the latter exhibiting higher biomimetic resemblance to octopus’ arms. We start from the single Kresling unit to delineate the working mechanism of the magnetic actuation for deploying/folding and bending. The two-unit Kresling assembly demonstrates the basic integrated motion that combines omnidirectional bending with deploying. The four-unit Kresling assembly constitutes a robotic arm with a larger omnidirectional bending angle and stretchability. With the foundation of the basic integrated motion, scalability of Kresling assemblies is demonstrated through distributed magnetic actuation of double-digit number of units, which enables robotic arms with sophisticated motions, such as continuous stretching and contracting, reconfigurable bending, and multiaxis twisting. Such complex motions allow for functions mimicking octopus arms that grasp and manipulate objects. The Kresling robotic arm with noncontact actuation provides a distinctive mechanism for applications that require synergistic robotic motions for navigation, sensing, and interaction with objects in environments with limited or constrained access. Based on small-scale Kresling robotic arms, miniaturized medical devices, such as tubes and catheters, can be developed in conjunction with endoscopy, intubation, and catheterization procedures using functionalities of object manipulation and motion under remote control.

On The Implementation of Densely Packed Decimal Number System Based Adder: Prospects and Challenges

Decimal digit number computation, through bit compression methodology, offers space and time saving, which can be incurred by the Chen-Ho and Densely Packed Decimal (DPD) coding techniques. Such coding techniques have a property of bit compression, like, three decimal digits can be represented by 10 bits instead of 12 bits in binary coded decimal (BCD) format. The compression has been obtained through the elimination of the redundant 0’s from BCD representation. This manuscript reports the pros and cons of the techniques mentioned above. The logic level functionalities have been examined through MATLAB, whereas circuit simulation has been erified through Cadence Spectre. Performance parameters (such as delay, power consumption) have been evaluated through CMOS gpdk45 nm technology. Furthermore, the best design has been chosen from them, and the decimal adder design technique has been incorporated in this paper.

Frequency Band and PCA Feature Comparison for EEG Signal Classification

The frequency band method is popular in signal processing; this method separates EEG signals into five bands of frequency. Besides the frequency band, the recent research show PCA method gives a good result to classify digits number from EEG signal. Even PCA give a good accuracy to classify digit number from EEG signal, but there are no research shows which one yielded better accuracy between PCA and frequency band to classify digit number from EEG signals. This paper presents the comparison between those methods using secondary data from MindBigData (MDB). The result shows that the frequency band and PCA achieve 9% and 12,5% on average accuracy with the EPOC dataset. The paired Wilcoxon test produces a significant difference in accuracy between methods in the digit classification problem. Experiment with Muse dataset provides 31% accuracy with frequency band method and 24,8% with PCA method. The result is competitive compared to other experiments to classify digit numbers from EEG signals. In conclusion, there is no winner between the two methods since no method fits both datasets used in this research.

Ewidencja samochodów w Krakowie 1906–1918

The article deals with the issue of car registration by the Krakow Police Directorate in the years 1906–1918 and the registers of this process kept by it. The registration system was based on assigning individual vehicle numbers to each vehicle, consisting of a letter-distinguishing mark and a three-digit number. These registers have been preserved in the resources of the National Archives in Krakow. As of today, they are the only known documents of this type related to the history of the automotive industry in Galicia. Their analysis facilitated the preparation of an inventory of cars registered in Kraków in 1906–1918.