A Systematic Replication of Variations in Verbal Content and Delay on Time Estimation and Short-Term Memory

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1215-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli
Keyword(s):  
Nonsense Syllable ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Systematic Replication ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Delayed Time

Vitulli and Nemeth reported in 2001 that among 218 undergraduate volunteers delay of estimation produced significantly longer judgments of time regardless of the verbal passage while short-term memory scores varied as a function of verbal content. In this systematic replication 112 volunteers used three paragraphs audiotaped from a 1998 textbook in general psychology by Baron as stimuli presented for judgment of the passage of time and for short-term memory tests. Addition of control conditions using as stimuli nonsense syllables equal in duration to the three paragraphs did not have an effect contrary to past studies. Yet post hoc tests with nonsense-syllable data removed showed significance between immediate and delayed time estimations consistent with past studies, suggesting boundary conditions for this historically robust effect. Length of segment resulted in significantly different estimations of time as expected. An interaction of short-term memory scores between delay of estimation and content of verbal material showed short-term memory scores were significant between paragraphs and for delay of test (immediate versus delayed).

Perception of Time: Variations in Verbal Content and Delay of Estimation

2001 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 316-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Yvette M. Nemeth
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Perception Of Time

Delay of time estimation results in consistently longer judgments than immediate estimation, yet confirmatory studies have relied primarily on numerical digits for interpolated material as shown, for example, by Vitulli and Rowe in 1999. The present study used three paragraphs audiotaped from a 1998 textbook in general psychology by Baron as stimuli presented for judgment of the passage of time. Among 218 undergraduate volunteers delay of estimation produced significantly longer judgments regardless of the verbal passage, and short-term memory scores varied as a function of content.

The Link Between Verbal Short-Term Memory and Anomia Treatment Gains

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1039-1052
Author(s):  
Reva M. Zimmerman ◽  
JoAnn P. Silkes ◽  
Diane L. Kendall ◽  
Irene Minkina
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Treatment Gains ◽  
Post Hoc

Purpose A significant relationship between verbal short-term memory (STM) and language performance in people with aphasia has been found across studies. However, very few studies have examined the predictive value of verbal STM in treatment outcomes. This study aims to determine if verbal STM can be used as a predictor of treatment success. Method Retrospective data from 25 people with aphasia in a larger randomized controlled trial of phonomotor treatment were analyzed. Digit and word spans from immediately pretreatment were run in multiple linear regression models to determine whether they predict magnitude of change from pre- to posttreatment and follow-up naming accuracy. Pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, and 3 months posttreatment digit and word span scores were compared to determine if they changed following a novel treatment approach. Results Verbal STM, as measured by digit and word spans, did not predict magnitude of change in naming accuracy from pre- to posttreatment nor from pretreatment to 3 months posttreatment. Furthermore, digit and word spans did not change from pre- to posttreatment or from pretreatment to 3 months posttreatment in the overall analysis. A post hoc analysis revealed that only the less impaired group showed significant changes in word span scores from pretreatment to 3 months posttreatment. Discussion The results suggest that digit and word spans do not predict treatment gains. In a less severe subsample of participants, digit and word span scores can change following phonomotor treatment; however, the overall results suggest that span scores may not change significantly. The implications of these findings are discussed within the broader purview of theoretical and empirical associations between aphasic language and verbal STM processing.

Temporal Prediction Errors Affect Short-Term Memory Scanning Response Time

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 333-342
Author(s):  
Roberto Limongi ◽  
Angélica M. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Prediction

Abstract. The Sternberg short-term memory scanning task has been used to unveil cognitive operations involved in time perception. Participants produce time intervals during the task, and the researcher explores how task performance affects interval production – where time estimation error is the dependent variable of interest. The perspective of predictive behavior regards time estimation error as a temporal prediction error (PE), an independent variable that controls cognition, behavior, and learning. Based on this perspective, we investigated whether temporal PEs affect short-term memory scanning. Participants performed temporal predictions while they maintained information in memory. Model inference revealed that PEs affected memory scanning response time independently of the memory-set size effect. We discuss the results within the context of formal and mechanistic models of short-term memory scanning and predictive coding, a Bayes-based theory of brain function. We state the hypothesis that our finding could be associated with weak frontostriatal connections and weak striatal activity.

scholarly journals Order information in short-term memory and time estimation

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudette Fortin ◽  
Nathalie Massé
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Effects of bilingualism on statistical learning in preschoolers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josje Verhagen ◽  
Elise de Bree
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Skill ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Earlier work indicates that bilingualism may positively affect statistical learning, but leaves open whether a bilingual benefit is (1) found during learning rather than in a post-hoc test following a learning phase and (2) explained by enhanced verbal short-term memory skill in the bilinguals. Forty-one bilingual and 56 monolingual preschoolers completed a serial reaction time task and a nonword repetition task (NWR). Linear mixed-effect regressions indicated that the bilinguals showed a stronger decrease in reaction times over the regular blocks of the task than the monolinguals. No group differences in accuracy-based measures were found. NWR performance, which did not differ between the groups, did not account for the attested effect of bilingualism. These results provide partial support for effects of bilingualism on statistical learning, which appear during learning and are not due to enhanced verbal short-term memory. Taken together, these findings add to a growing body of research on effects of bilingualism on statistical learning, and constitute a first step towards investigating the factors which may underlie such effects.

Proactive Interference and Intertrial Interval in Short-Term Retention of Temporal Visual Information

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Variable Errors

The main purpose was to examine the role of proactive interference in temporal short-term memory when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, made without time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals were used: immediate reproduction, 15, and 30 sec. of rest. The three intertrial intervals were immediate, 15, and 30 sec. Constant error was used as an index of bias. The constant errors provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in temporal short-term memory. The lack of proactive interference was not associated with intertrial intervals; even when the intertrial intervals were shortened to 1 sec. no proactive interference was observed. Variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. The variable errors for the 4- and 8-sec. durations seemed amenable to a trace-decay explanation.

Size of Audience, Gender, and Digit-Rate Effects on Short-Term Memory

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Mary E. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Social Facilitation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rate Condition ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Plot Analysis ◽  
Rate Effects ◽  
Post Hoc

Short-term memory tests were given to 101 undergraduate volunteers (33 men and 68 women) under three levels of audience size (2 observers, 1 observer, and alone condition) using different rates (1 sec. and 3 sec.) of computer-generated random numbers. Subjects were instructed to recall 25 random digits (presented sequentially on a computer screen) immediately after their display. A mixed 2 × 2 × 3 split-plot analysis of variance showed a significant effect for rate of digit presentation and Newman-Keuls post hoc pairwise comparisons showed differences between men and women with 2 observers present under the 3-sec. digit rate (men scored higher). Gender differences also occurred in the extent to which subjects profited from the 3-sec. (simpler) digit-rate condition as a function of the presence or absence of an audience (three-way interaction). Women profited in the “alone” condition and men did not, yet men profited in the audience-present conditions and women did not. “Social facilitation” interpretations in the context of gender analyses are discussed.

scholarly journals Time estimation and concurrent nontemporal processing: Specific interference from short-term-memory demands

1993 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fortin ◽  
R. Rousseau ◽  
P. Bourque ◽  
E. Kirouac
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory
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