Extinction after Training with Runs Being Preceded by Nonrewarded Placements in an Intermittently Rewarding Situation

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin J. North
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Transition Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frustration Theory ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Training Phase ◽  
Reinforcement Effect

Two groups of 20 male albino rats were given either 32 rewarded placements (Group E) in a distinctive placement box (PB) or 32 non-rewarded placements (Group C). In the training phase both groups were given two placement trials per day for 20 days. One of these daily placements was non-rewarded (a “frustration treatment” for Group E Ss) and was immediately followed by a rewarded run in a runway. The other placement, not followed by a run, was rewarded for Group E Ss and non-rewarded for Group C Ss. Following a 5-trial transition phase with rewarded runs only, both groups were given 40 extinction runs (without prior placements). The acquisition and transition phase runway performances of the two groups were very similar, but Group E Ss were more resistant to extinction. The extinction findings were predicted from the frustration theory of the partial reinforcement effect.

Effects of Drive and Partial Reinforcement on Extinction Both between and within Daily Sessions

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-885
Author(s):  
William P. Dunlap ◽  
Lawrence Dachowski
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Straight Alley ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Frustration Theory ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Low Speed

40 albino rats were assigned randomly to the cells of a 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of per cent reinforcement (50% and 100%) by deprivation (high and low). Speed measures were obtained from two segments of a straight-alley runway for 80 acquisition and 56 extinction trials with 4 trials given per day. Deprivation effects were found over the closely spaced trials within daily sessions for both acquisition and extinction. In extinction the interaction of drive and per cent reinforcement within daily sessions lends support to a frustration-theory explanation of extinction behavior. The lack of deprivation-produced differences in the size of the partial reinforcement effect over days is also consistent with this explanation.

Perseveration of the Partial Reinforcement Effect in Extinction with Rats over Two Phases of Extinction and Two Stages of Continuous Reinforcement

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Calef ◽  
Michael C. Choban ◽  
Katherine R. Glenney ◽  
Ruth A. Calef ◽  
Erik Schmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Straight Alley ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Two Stages

One group of 10 male albino rats was given partial reinforcement while the other 10 rats received continuous reinforcement in a straight alley. Subjects then experienced five consecutive stages of Extinction 1, Continuous Reinforcement 1, Extinction 2, Continuous Reinforcement 2, and finally, Extinction 3. Analysis showed the partial reinforcement effect in extinction was sustained over two stages of extinction and two stages of continuous reinforcement, since subjects receiving partial reinforcement ran faster than rats given continuous reinforcement throughout all three of the extinction periods. The results seem to support those of Amsel's (1967) and Capaldi's (1967) theoretical formulations of the partial reinforcement effect in extinction.

Note on Frustration Theory and the Partial Reinforcement Effect following a Few Acquisition Trials

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-82
Author(s):  
A. M. Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Acquisition Training ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Frustration Theory ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Acquisition Process ◽  
Early Acquisition

Frustration theory (Amsel, 1958) is unable to explain partial reinforcement effects following limited acquisition training. It is suggested that attempts to explain these findings may have implications for conditioning theories in general, and that more attention should be given to the early acquisition process.

Partial Reinforcement Effect under Odor Control

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
Cecil C. Bridges ◽  
H. R. Anderson ◽  
Larry C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Straight Runway ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Odor Control ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Partial Schedule ◽  
Resistance To Extinction

4 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats were given 40 acquisition and 25 extinction trials in a straight runway under one of the following conditions: (1) continuous reinforcement with an exhaust fan operative; (2) continuous reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked from exhausting; (3) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked, and (4) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operative. The results imply that exhausting odor(s) under a partial schedule increases running speeds during acquisition and resistance to extinction. The study points to important methodological implications for partial reinforcement research.

Persistent Behaviour in Extinction after Partial Deprivation in Training

1976 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. M. Morris ◽  
D. F. Einon ◽  
M. J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Partial Reward ◽  
The Other ◽  
Deprivation Schedule ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Continuous Reward

Four groups of rats were trained to run an alleyway with one trial per day. Two groups were always deprived when trained while the other two received a partial deprivation schedule. One group of each pair received a continuous reward in the goal box while the other received partial reward. A partial reinforcement effect was found during extinction. The partially deprived groups also showed persistence in extinction. This result extends parallels between the effects of satiation and nonreward upon behaviour.

Resistance to Extinction: A Test of the Discrimination Hypothesis

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Dubanoski ◽  
Howard R. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Discrimination Hypothesis

To test the discrimination hypothesis of the partial reinforcement effect in extinction, partial or continuous reinforcement trials were interpolated between the initial training trials of partial or continuous reinforcement and the extinction period. 112 children from Grades 2 and 3 participated in one of four conditions. Children receiving two consecutive blocks of partial reinforcement showed the greatest resistance to extinction, children receiving two consecutive blocks of continuous reinforcement showed the weakest resistance, and those receiving partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement or vice versa showed intermediate levels of resistance. Discrimination between training and extinction does not seem to be the critical factor involved in the partial reinforcement effect. The results were discussed in terms of a stimulus analyzer or a sequential analysis model.

scholarly journals PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT IN HUMAN LEARNING

1977 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
MASATO ISHIDA ◽  
SUMIKO NAKAMARU ◽  
YOSHIMASA HABU ◽  
KATSUTOSHI NAKATSUKA ◽  
HIROSHI YOSHIOKA
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Human Learning ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Effect

N-Length and Intertrial Reward

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean L. Fixsen ◽  
Susan Swick Mc Bee ◽  
Patrick E. Campbell ◽  
Charles M. Crumbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Partial Reward ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Resistance To Extinction

2 experiments investigating the effects of intertrial reward on resistance to extinction following partial reward schedules containing N-lengths (number of consecutive nonrewards preceding a rewarded trial) of 1, 2, or 3. It was found that intertrial rewards completely eliminated the partial reinforcement effect for all N-lengths when run times were considered but had no effect on goal times. These data were discussed in terms of their relevance to the modified aftereffects hypothesis and previous investigations of intertrial reward.

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