scholarly journals Effect of Actual and Perceived Violence on Internal Migration: Evidence from Mexico’s Drug War

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amilcar Orlian Fernandez-Dominguez
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Interstate Migration ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Drug War ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Oaxaca Decomposition ◽  
Generalized Maximum Entropy ◽  
Mexican Drug War

AbstractAccording to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), violence should be considered by examining both actual and perceived crime. However, the studies related to violence and internal migration under the Mexican drug war episode focus only on one aspect of violence (perception or actual), so their conclusions rely mostly on limited evidence. This article complements previous work by examining the effects of both perceived and actual violence on interstate migration through estimation of a gravity model along three 5-year periods spanning from 2000 to 2015. Using the methods of generalized maximum entropy (to account for endogeneity) and the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition, the results show that actual violence (measured by homicide rates) does affect migration, but perceived violence explains a greater proportion of higher average migration after 2005. Since this proportion increased after 2010 and actual violence, the results suggest that there was some adaptation to the new levels of violence in the period 2010–2015.

Internal migration in Italy. Long-run analysis of push and pull factors across regions and macro-areas of the country.

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-454
Author(s):  
Piras Romano
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Push And Pull Factors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Push And Pull

The great majority of empirical studies on internal migration across Italian regions either ignores the long-run perspective of the phenomenon or do not consider push and pull factors separately. In addition, Centre-North to South flows, intra-South and intra-Centre-North migration have not been studied. We aim to fill this gap and tackle interregional migration flows from different geographical perspectives. We apply four panel data estimators with different statistical assumptions and show that long-run migration flows from the Mezzogiorno towards Centre-Northern regions are well explained by a gravity model in which per capita GDP, unemployment and population play a major role. On the contrary, migration flows from Centre-North to South has probably much to do with other social and demographic factors. Finally, intra Centre-North and intra South migration flows roughly obey to the gravity model, though not all explicative variables are relevant.

Are voters too afraid to tackle corruption? Survey and experimental evidence from Mexico

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Omar García-Ponce ◽  
Thomas Zeitzoff ◽  
Leonard Wantchekon
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Willingness To Accept ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Drug War ◽  
Mexican Drug War ◽  
The Face ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Are individuals in violent contexts reluctant to tackle corruption for fear of future violence? Or does violence mobilize them to fight corruption? We investigate these questions looking at the effects of fear and violence stemming from the Mexican Drug War on attitudes toward corruption. We conducted two surveys before the 2012 Mexican presidential election. First, as part of a nationally representative survey, we find a positive correlation between fear of violence and willingness to accept corruption in exchange for lower levels of violence. To disentangle causal effects, we conducted a follow-up survey experiment in Greater Mexico City where we manipulated fear over the Drug War. We find that individuals within this context are not easily scared. Those who received a common fear-inducing manipulation do not report higher levels of fear and are less willing to tolerate corruption. Conversely, we find strong evidence that individuals who have been victims of crime are more likely to report both higher levels of fear and willingness to accept corruption if it lowers violence. Our findings suggest that voters are more strategic and resilient in the face of violence than many extant theories of political behavior suggest.

scholarly journals Maximum Entropy Analysis of Flow Networks: Theoretical Foundation and Applications

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Niven ◽  
Markus Abel ◽  
Michael Schlegel ◽  
Steven H. Waldrip
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Flow Networks ◽  
Flow Network ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Generalized Maximum Entropy ◽  
Deterministic Solution ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
The Cost

The concept of a “flow network”—a set of nodes and links which carries one or more flows—unites many different disciplines, including pipe flow, fluid flow, electrical, chemical reaction, ecological, epidemiological, neurological, communications, transportation, financial, economic and human social networks. This Feature Paper presents a generalized maximum entropy framework to infer the state of a flow network, including its flow rates and other properties, in probabilistic form. In this method, the network uncertainty is represented by a joint probability function over its unknowns, subject to all that is known. This gives a relative entropy function which is maximized, subject to the constraints, to determine the most probable or most representative state of the network. The constraints can include “observable” constraints on various parameters, “physical” constraints such as conservation laws and frictional properties, and “graphical” constraints arising from uncertainty in the network structure itself. Since the method is probabilistic, it enables the prediction of network properties when there is insufficient information to obtain a deterministic solution. The derived framework can incorporate nonlinear constraints or nonlinear interdependencies between variables, at the cost of requiring numerical solution. The theoretical foundations of the method are first presented, followed by its application to a variety of flow networks.

scholarly journals Impact of Violent Crime on Risk Aversion: Evidence from the Mexican Drug War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Brown ◽  
Verónica Montalva ◽  
Duncan Thomas ◽  
Andrea Velásquez
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Drug War ◽  
Mexican Drug War
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