Prosodic Interactions in Anishinaabemowin Verbs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Frazier
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Verb Placement ◽  
Northern United States ◽  
Language Meaning

This research aims to better understand the link between prosody and verbs in Anishinaabemowin by investigating pitch placement in relation to verb placement in Anishinaabemowin utterances. The data is from a story by Ogimaawigwaebiik archived in Dibaajimowinaan; Anishinaabe Stories of Culture and Respect.  Anishinaabemowin, also known as Ojibwe, is a member of the Algonquin language family and is spoken throughout Southern Ontario and the Northern United States (Fairbanks, 2017). It is a polysynthetic language meaning it primarily uses affixes to convey meaning, particularly on the verbs. Prosody is the organization of various linguistics units (words, pitch, tone) into an utterance in the process of speech production. It conveys not only linguistics information but also contextual cues, intentions and attitudes (Fujisaki, 1997).  This research utilized two audio softwares, Audacity and Praat, to clean and segment the audio into utterances and then token sentences were selected based on verb placement (verb initial, verb second and verb final). These token sentences will be analyzed for pitch placement and then compared to see if verb placement affects prosody, further expanding on the current literature which states that pitch defaults to the verb (Frazier, accepted). This research is particularly important because there is a gap in existing literature on prosody in Anishinaabemowin and there are no experimental studies such as this.  References:  Fairbanks, B. (2017). Ojibwe Discourse Markers. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Frazier, S., Déchaine, R.M, & Dufresne, M. (accepted). The Syntax of Discourse: What an Anishinaabemowin Oral Text Teaches Us. 2020 CLA Proceedings.  Fujisaki, H. (1997). Prosody, models, and spontaneous speech. In Computing prosody (pp. 27-42). Springer, New York, NY.  Ogimaawigwaebiik [Nancy Jones] 2013. Gakina Dibaajimowin Gwayakwaawan.  In Dibaajimowinaan; Anishinaabe Stories of Culture and respect; Nigaanigiizhig [Jim Saint-Arnold] (ed.), Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission, 9-10.

Multi-Head Spatio-Temporal Attention Mechanism for Urban Anomaly Event Prediction

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Huiqun Huang ◽  
Xi Yang ◽  
Suining He
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Attention Mechanism ◽  
City Management ◽  
Temporal Attention ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Event Prediction ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Prediction Approach

Timely forecasting the urban anomaly events in advance is of great importance to the city management and planning. However, anomaly event prediction is highly challenging due to the sparseness of data, geographic heterogeneity (e.g., complex spatial correlation, skewed spatial distribution of anomaly events and crowd flows), and the dynamic temporal dependencies. In this study, we propose M-STAP, a novel Multi-head Spatio-Temporal Attention Prediction approach to address the problem of multi-region urban anomaly event prediction. Specifically, M-STAP considers the problem from three main aspects: (1) extracting the spatial characteristics of the anomaly events in different regions, and the spatial correlations between anomaly events and crowd flows; (2) modeling the impacts of crowd flow dynamic of the most relevant regions in each time step on the anomaly events; and (3) employing attention mechanism to analyze the varying impacts of the historical anomaly events on the predicted data. We have conducted extensive experimental studies on the crowd flows and anomaly events data of New York City, Melbourne and Chicago. Our proposed model shows higher accuracy (41.91% improvement on average) in predicting multi-region anomaly events compared with the state-of-the-arts.

Object pronoun fronting and the nature of Verb Second in early English

2020 ◽  
pp. 396-425
Author(s):  
Eric Haeberli ◽  
Susan Pintzuk ◽  
Ann Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Verb Placement ◽  
Early English

This chapter examines the nature of the V2 syntax of early English, with an empirical focus on Object Pronoun Fronting. It is claimed that early English, which exhibits both V2 and V3 orders, is similar to a true V2 language like German with respect to XP-fronting: both require one EPP-feature in the CP-domain; and if the presence of an EPP-feature is not motivated by an active interpretive feature, an EPP-feature is inserted and gives rise to Formal Movement (FM). What distinguishes early English from true V2 languages is that in the latter, there cannot be more than one EPP-feature, while in early English, there can be more than one. This difference in the number of EPP-features is related to a difference in verb placement within the CP-domain. Finally, some consequences of this analysis for the diachronic developments in the Middle English period are explored.

scholarly journals Oecanthus nigricornis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) as the first known host of Stylogaster neglecta (Diptera: Conopidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik A. Etzler ◽  
William D. Brown ◽  
Luc F. Bussière ◽  
Darryl T. Gwynne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Upstate New York ◽  
Oecanthus Nigricornis

AbstractThe conopid fly Stylogaster neglecta Williston (Diptera: Conopidae) is a parasitoid with no known host. We report this species as the first recorded dipteran parasitoid of Oecanthus nigricornis Walker (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) (black-horned tree crickets). We reared field-collected O. nigricornis juveniles over several months in 2017 and found that larval S. neglecta emerged from them during late July into August. We estimated the incubation period for S. neglecta larvae to be around 30 days based on the length of time it took for them to emerge from the host and pupate (subsequently all hosts died). We documented several cases of multiple parasitism. In 2018, we dissected O. nigricornis sampled from four sites across southern Ontario, Canada and upstate New York, United States of America and found that the percentage of juvenile O. nigricornis parasitised ranged 2–39%. Further sampling will be necessary to determine whether this variation represents consistent population differences or between-year variation in parasitism.

Performance of hazelnut cultivars and selections in southern Ontario

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-548
Author(s):  
Toktam Taghavi ◽  
Adam Dale ◽  
John M. Kelly ◽  
Dragan Galic ◽  
Alireza Rahemi
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Production Phase ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Products ◽  
Establishment Phase

The global demand for hazelnuts is increasing steadily, driven by increasing use by chocolate companies, pharmaceuticals, health products, and others. North America only produces 5% of the world crop, of which 99% is produced in Oregon (OR, USA). Most available cultivars are adapted to areas with mild winters and thus do not perform well in Ontario (ON, Canada). Our objective was to identify genotypes capable of supporting the newly formed hazelnut industry in southern Ontario. In the last several decades, selections have been identified in ON, New York (NY, USA), and Michigan (MI, USA) that may be better adapted in ON than cultivars from Europe and OR. To test our hypothesis that these new selections would outperform cultivars from Europe and OR in southern Ontario, two trials were performed to evaluate yield, nut quality, and winter hardiness. As hypothesized, selections from ON and NY such as ‘Gene’, ‘Alex’, and ‘Slate’ were winter hardy and highest yielding, followed by ‘Butler’ and ‘Gamma’ from OR; however, these selections did not perform well in other assessed parameters such as nut quality and catkin survivability. Possible explanations for the poor performance of the European and OR cultivars include (i) longer time needed to acclimatize and enter production phase relative to selections from ON, NY, and MI, and (ii) cold susceptibility during the initial establishment phase. The need to allocate resources towards survival probably delays the ability of the European and OR cultivars to enter the production phase. In conclusion, hazelnut cultivars brought from regions with a different climate need to be tested for cold hardiness.

scholarly journals Thermally-controlled color gradient for fossils and associated sediments: implications for paleoecology

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 14-14
Author(s):  
Gordon C. Baird ◽  
Timothy W. Lyons ◽  
Carlton E. Brett
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
Foreland Basin ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Foreland Basins ◽  
Regional Study ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Color Gradient ◽  
Appalachian Foreland

Regional study of Middle-Late Ordovician and Middle-Late Devonian carbonate and siliciclastic deposits in the northern Appalachian foreland basin reveals a prominent pattern of eastward-darkening of marine mudrocks and associated fossils. Exoskeletons of certain trilobite genera transform from a saddle brown coloration in southern Ontario exposures to black and near-black in central and eastern New York. Similar eastward darkening of mudstones and argillaceous carbonate units is observed to be covariant with conodont color alteration (C.A.I.) values across this same region. This pattern is coupled with other lines of evidence for eastward increases in heat-of-burial for strata across New York State, indicating that the darkening is linked to this control. Laboratory heating of thermally “cold”, light-colored samples shows that this process can be simulated under controlled conditions. The darkening of fossils and mudrocks probably occurs due to thermal maturation of organic matter within these materials.Darkening of certain fossiliferous mudrock facies from color values as high as N 7.5 at a C.A.I. of 1.0 to those of N 2.5 at C.A.I. of 3.5 has important implications for paleoecological interpretations. Where obvious fossil-rich beds are absent and field work cursory, it might be tempting to infer a shelf-to-basin transition in the uprank direction where none exists. Where skeletal packstone and grainstone beds are common in thermally mature deposits it is possible that intervening dark-colored shales may be erroneously interpreted as basinal, organicrich (black) shales and the grain-supported beds as turbidites, when, in fact, such beds are shallow-shelf tempestites. We believe that similar value gradients should be present wherever local or regional heat-flow anomalies or differential burial patterns are developed. Foreland basins bordering orogens should contain such gradients and workers must be alert to this illusory color effect when working on complex facies in such settings. It is probable that many paleoenvironmental judgments may have been colored by misinterpretations of this type.

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