scholarly journals MALARIA KNOWLESI PADA MANUSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-88
Author(s):  
Patricia Angelika ◽  
Felicia Kurniawan ◽  
Bryany Titi Santi
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina

Pendahuluan: Plasmodium knowlesi merupakan agen malaria yang mulanya hanya menginfeksi kera, yakni kera ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) dan kera ekor babi (Macaca nemestrina). P. knowlesi  telah berkembang untuk menginfeksi secara zoonotik, yaitu ditransmisikan dari hewan kepada manusia oleh vektor nyamuk Anopheles betina. Sejak kejadian endemik malaria knowlesi pertama pada tahun 2004 di Serawak, Malaysia, jumlah kasus infeksi P. knowlesi meluas dan meningkat hingga hampir ke seluruh wilayah di Asia Tenggara, termasuk Indonesia. Peningkatan kasus infeksi P. knowlesi merupakan hasil interaksi yang kompleks antara manusia, agen, dan lingkungan. Faktor individu dan lingkungan merupakan faktor risiko malaria knowlesi. Siklus hidup P. knowlesi sangat singkat dan cenderung menginfeksi semua jenis eritrosit bersama dengan spesies Plasmodium lainnya (infeksi campuran). Morfologi dan gejala klinis P. knowlesi sangat mirip dengan spesies Plasmodium lain, membuatnya sulit didiferensiasi dan turut memengaruhi peningkatan kasus infeksi. Diagnosis malaria knowlesi dengan teknik molekuler PCR merupakan metode yang paling akurat saat ini. Pengobatan terhadap malaria knowlesi harus segera dilakukan untuk mencegah progresivitas menjadi malaria berat hingga kematian. Tujuan: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari epidemiologi, faktor risiko, siklus hidup, morfologi, gejala klinis, diagnosis dan tatalaksana terbaru terhadap kasus malaria knowlesi, terutama di Indonesia. Metode: Penulisan artikel menggunakan metode tinjauan pustaka dari berbagai literatur mengenai malaria knowlesi.     Diskusi: Pengetahuan akan epidemiologi, faktor risiko, siklus hidup, morfologi, gejala klinis, diagnosis, dan tatalaksana terhadap kasus malaria knowlesi dapat menambah informasi untuk perkembangan penelitian terhadap distribusi dan pengendalian kasus malaria knowlesi. Artikel ini diharapkan dapat membantu mempercepat target eliminasi malaria di Indonesia pada tahun 2030. Kata Kunci: Infeksi, malaria knowlesi, manusia, Plasmodium knowlesi

scholarly journals JENIS-JENIS MAMALIA YANG MENGUNJUNGI KUBANGAN BABI HUTAN DI KAWASAN HUTAN KONSERVASI PT TIDAR KERINCI AGUNG DAN PT KENCANA SAWIT INDONESIA, SOLOK SELATAN, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Nurul Insani ◽  
Wilson Novarino ◽  
. Rizaldi
Keyword(s):  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Muntiacus Muntjak

Penelitian mengenai jenis-jenis mamalia yang mengunjungi kubangan babi hutan di hutan konservasi PT Tidar Kerinci Agung dan PT Kencana Sawit Indonesia, Solok Selatan, Sumatera Barat telah dilaksanakan dari 15 Juni sampai dengan 8 Desember 2015. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pemasangan tujuh buah perangkap kamera di sekitar kubangan babi hutan. Selama penelitian didapatkan 18 jenis hewan mamalia dari 12 famili dan 5 ordo. Hewan mamalia yang sering mengunjungi kubangan babi hutan yaitu Sus scrofa (481 foto), Macaca nemestrina (476 foto), Sus barbatus (269 foto), Macaca fascicularis (38 foto) dan Muntiacus muntjak (33 foto). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kubangan babi hutan menarik bermacam-macam jenis mamalia dengan frekuensi kunjungan yang berbeda-beda.

Comparison of contrast sensitivity in macaque monkeys and humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Ridder ◽  
Kai Ming Zhang ◽  
Apoorva Karsolia ◽  
Michael Engles ◽  
James Burke
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Sensitivity Functions ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Double Exponential ◽  
Normal Humans

AbstractContrast sensitivity functions reveal information about a subject’s overall visual ability and have been investigated in several species of nonhuman primates (NHPs) with experimentally induced amblyopia and glaucoma. However, there are no published studies comparing contrast sensitivity functions across these species of normal NHPs. The purpose of this investigation was to compare contrast sensitivity across these primates to determine whether they are similar. Ten normal humans and eight normal NHPs (Macaca fascicularis) took part in this project. Previously published data from Macaca mulatta and Macaca nemestrina were also compared. Threshold was operationally defined as two misses in a row for a descending method of limits. A similar paradigm was used for the humans except that the descending method of limits was combined with a spatial, two-alternative forced choice (2-AFC) technique. The contrast sensitivity functions were fit with a double exponential function. The averaged peak contrast sensitivity, peak spatial frequency, acuity, and area under the curve for the humans were 268.9, 3.40 cpd, 27.3 cpd, and 2345.4 and for the Macaca fascicularis were 99.2, 3.93 cpd, 26.1 cpd, and 980.9. A two-sample t-test indicated that the peak contrast sensitivities (P = 0.001) and areas under the curve (P = 0.010) were significantly different. The peak spatial frequencies (P = 0.150) and the extrapolated visual acuities (P = 0.763) were not different. The contrast sensitivities for the Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, and Macaca nemestrina were qualitatively and quantitatively similar. The contrast sensitivity functions for the NHPs had lower peak contrast sensitivities and areas under the curve than the humans. Even though different methods have been used to measure contrast sensitivity in different species of NHP, the functions are similar. The contrast sensitivity differences and similarities between humans and NHPs need to be considered when using NHPs to study human disease.

Macaca fascicularis vs. Macaca nemestrina as a model for topical microbicide safety studies

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy L. Patton ◽  
Yvonne C. Sweeney ◽  
Che-Chung Tsai ◽  
Sharon L. Hillier
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Topical Microbicide

scholarly journals Oocyte glutathione and fertilisation outcome of Macaca nemestrina and Macaca fascicularis in in vivo- and in vitro-matured oocytes

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Curnow ◽  
J. P. Ryan ◽  
D. M. Saunders ◽  
E. S. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Polar Body ◽  
Sperm Head ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Immature Oocytes ◽  
Male Pronucleus ◽  
Human Primate

Fertilisation and development of IVM non-human primate oocytes is limited compared with that of in vivo-matured (IVO) oocytes. The present study describes the IVM of macaque oocytes with reference to oocyte glutathione (GSH). Timing of maturation, comparison of IVM media and cysteamine (CYS) supplementation as a modulator of GSH were investigated. A significantly greater proportion of oocytes reached MII after 30 h compared with 24 h of IVM. Following insemination, IVM oocytes had a significantly lower incidence of normal fertilisation (i.e. 2PN = two pronuclei and at least one polar body) and a higher rate of abnormal fertilisation (1PN = one pronucleus and at least one polar body) compared with IVO oocytes. Immunofluorescence of 1PN zygotes identified incomplete sperm head decondensation and failure of male pronucleus formation as the principal cause of abnormal fertilisation in IVM oocytes. The IVO oocytes had significantly higher GSH content than IVM oocytes. Cumulus-denuded oocytes had significantly lower GSH following IVM compared with immature oocytes at collection. Cysteamine supplementation of the IVM medium significantly increased the GSH level of cumulus-intact oocytes and reduced the incidence of 1PN formation, but did not improve GSH levels of the denuded oocyte. Suboptimal GSH levels in macaque IVM oocytes may be related to reduced fertilisation outcomes.

In vivo study of human Plasmodium knowlesi in Macaca fascicularis

2010 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Anderios ◽  
A. NoorRain ◽  
I. Vythilingam
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Human Plasmodium

scholarly journals Clinical recovery of Macaca fascicularis infected with Plasmodium knowlesi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko S. Peterson ◽  
Chester J Joyner ◽  
Jessica A. Brady ◽  
Jennifer S Wood ◽  
Monica Cabrera-Mora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Tissue Samples

Background Kra monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a natural host of Plasmodium knowlesi, control parasitaemia caused by this parasite species and escape death without treatment. Knowledge of the disease progression and resilience in kra monkeys will aid the effective use of this species to study mechanisms of resilience to malaria. This longitudinal study aimed to define clinical, physiological and pathological changes in kra monkeys infected with P. knowlesi, which could explain their resilient phenotype. Methods Kra monkeys (n = 15, male, young adults) were infected intravenously with cryopreserved P. knowlesi sporozoites and the resulting parasitaemias were monitored daily. Complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, blood chemistry and physiological telemetry data (n = 7) were acquired as described prior to infection to establish baseline values and then daily after inoculation for up to 50 days. Bone marrow aspirates, plasma samples, and 22 tissue samples were collected at specific time points to evaluate longitudinal clinical, physiological and pathological effects of P. knowlesi infections. Results As expected, the kra monkeys controlled parasitaemia and remained with low-level, persistent parasitaemias without antimalarial intervention. Unexpectedly, early in the infection, fevers developed, which ultimately returned to baseline, as well as mild to moderate thrombocytopaenia, and moderate to severe anaemia. Mathematical modeling and the reticulocyte production index indicated that the anaemia was largely due to the removal of uninfected erythrocytes and not impaired production of erythrocytes. Mild tissue damage was observed, and tissue parasite load was associated with tissue damage even though parasite accumulation in the tissues was generally low. Conclusions Kra monkeys experimentally infected with P. knowlesi sporozoites presented with multiple clinical signs of malaria that varied in severity among individuals. Overall, the animals shared common mechanisms of resilience characterized by controlling parasitaemia 3-5 days after patency, and controlling fever, coupled with physiological and bone marrow responses to compensate for anaemia. Together, these responses likely minimized tissue damage while supporting the establishment of chronic infections, which may be important for transmission in natural endemic settings. These results provide new foundational insights into malaria pathogenesis and resilience in kra monkeys, which may improve understanding of human infections.

scholarly journals High resolution karyotype of thai crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)

Genetika ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobo Fan ◽  
Alongkoad Tanomtong ◽  
Arunrat Chaveerach ◽  
Krit Pinthong ◽  
Siripiyasing Pornnarong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Macaca Sylvanus ◽  
Chromosome Banding Analysis ◽  
Multicolor Banding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Morphological Differences

Comparative chromosome banding analysis and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies are established approaches to compare human and ape chromosomes. FISH-banding is a relatively new and not routinely applied method suited very well to provide to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of primate and human phylogeny. Here multicolor banding (MCB) applying probes derived from Homo sapiens was used to analyze the chromosomes of Thai crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis). The results agree with those of previous studies in other macaques, e.g. Macaca sylvanus or Macaca nemestrina. This result pinpoints, that morphological differences within the Ceropithecoidae must be founded rather in subchromosomal changes or even in epigenetics than in gross structural alterations.

scholarly journals Dramatic transcriptomic differences in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis with Plasmodium knowlesi infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuj Gupta ◽  
Mark P. Styczynski ◽  
Mary R. Galinski ◽  
Eberhard O. Voit ◽  
Luis L. Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
Blood Stage Infection ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Stage Infection

AbstractPlasmodium knowlesi, a model malaria parasite, is responsible for a significant portion of zoonotic malaria cases in Southeast Asia and must be controlled to avoid disease severity and fatalities. However, little is known about the host-parasite interactions and molecular mechanisms in play during the course of P. knowlesi malaria infections, which also may be relevant across Plasmodium species. Here we contrast P. knowlesi sporozoite-initiated infections in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis using whole blood RNA-sequencing and transcriptomic analysis. These macaque hosts are evolutionarily close, yet malaria-naïve M. mulatta will succumb to blood-stage infection without treatment, whereas malaria-naïve M. fascicularis controls parasitemia without treatment. This comparative analysis reveals transcriptomic differences as early as the liver phase of infection, in the form of signaling pathways that are activated in M. fascicularis, but not M. mulatta. Additionally, while most immune responses are initially similar during the acute stage of the blood infection, significant differences arise subsequently. The observed differences point to prolonged inflammation and anti-inflammatory effects of IL10 in M. mulatta, while M. fascicularis undergoes a transcriptional makeover towards cell proliferation, consistent with its recovery. Together, these findings suggest that timely detection of P. knowlesi in M. fascicularis, coupled with control of inflammation while initiating the replenishment of key cell populations, helps contain the infection. Overall, this study points to specific genes and pathways that could be investigated as a basis for new drug targets that support recovery from acute malaria.

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