An Alternating Quark Sequence Predicts Nuclear Radius from Quark Number

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Regular Polyhedron ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Proton Radius ◽  
Continuous Sequence ◽  
Down Quark ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Geometric Relationship

<div> <div> <p>A subnucleonic structure of light nuclei comprises an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) that accounts for the measured RMS charge radii with an agreement of >99% and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.99, p<0.001. An interpretation of the uncertainty principle in terms of uncertainty in energy and time, coupled with Chaos theory as relates to linked harmonic oscillators, allows localization of average quark position. Structures incorporate equally spaced quarks around regular polyhedron geometries. The distance between neighboring quarks in a sequence is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Light nuclei from H-3 to Li-7 conform to ring structures whose radii are calculated from the formula of a regular polygon having <i>n</i> sides, each side equal to the radius of the proton, and <i>n</i> vertices, each occupied by a quark. Quark-quark interactions link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Parallel strands of quark sequences overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. Regular polyhedron structures yield better radius predictions; larger nuclei tend to be less regular and less predictable (with the exception of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship tithe proton radius, allow a prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm.<br></p> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Alternating Quark Model: First Principles to Fusion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Regular Polyhedron ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Proton Radius ◽  
Continuous Sequence ◽  
Down Quark ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Geometric Relationship

<div> <div> <p>A subnucleonic structure of light nuclei comprises an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) that accounts for the measured RMS charge radii with an agreement of >99% and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.99, p<0.001. An interpretation of the uncertainty principle in terms of uncertainty in energy and time, coupled with Chaos theory as relates to linked harmonic oscillators, allows localization of average quark position. Structures incorporate equally spaced quarks around regular polyhedron geometries. The distance between neighboring quarks in a sequence is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Light nuclei from H-3 to Li-7 conform to ring structures whose radii are calculated from the formula of a regular polygon having <i>n</i> sides, each side equal to the radius of the proton, and <i>n</i> vertices, each occupied by a quark. Quark-quark interactions link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Parallel strands of quark sequences overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. Regular polyhedron structures yield better radius predictions; larger nuclei tend to be less regular and less predictable (with the exception of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship tithe proton radius, allow a prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm.<br></p> </div> </div>

scholarly journals An Alternating Quark Sequence Subnucleonic Structure of Stable Light Nuclei H-1 Through Li-7

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Regular Polyhedron ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Proton Radius ◽  
Continuous Sequence ◽  
Down Quark ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Stick Model ◽  
Geometric Relationship

<div> <div> <div> <p>Structures of stable light nuclei incorporate an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) of equally spaced quarks around regular polyhedron geometries. AQS is a ball-and-stick model in which the ball represents the average center of cur- rent quark mass, and the stick length is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. AQS radius predictions of H-1 through Li-7 demonstrate 99.3% average agreement (SD 4%) and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.96, p<0.001, with accepted RMS charge radii. Light nuclei above deuterium conform to ring structures whose radii are calculated from the formula of a regular polygon having n sides, each side equal to the radius of the proton, and n vertices, each occupied by a quark. Quark-quark interactions link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Parallel strands of quark sequences overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. Regular polyhedron structures yield better radius predictions; larger nuclei tend to be less regular and less predictable (with the exception of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship tithe proton radius, allow a prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm. ASQ localizes average quark position, and the high statistical correlation of ASQ with experimental radii thus warrants an expression of the uncertainty principle as the product of uncertainty in energy and time rather than position and momentum. This view is consistent with the quark as a harmonic oscillator. </p> </div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals An Alternating Quark Sequence Subnucleonic Structure of Stable Light Nuclei H-1 Through Li-7

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Quark Masses ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Proton Radius ◽  
Regular Polyhedra ◽  
Nuclear Models ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Form Ring ◽  
Geometric Relationship

The proposed structures of stable nuclei of H-1 through Li-7 incorporate an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) of equally spaced quarks around regular geometries. AQS nuclear models represent quark positions in the same way molecular ball and stick models represent the relative positions of atoms. In AQS, the ball identifies the center of quark mass and the stick length is constant and equal to the most recent radius of the proton (0.8414 fm). AQS radius predictions use accepted quark masses where necessary, and predictions demonstrate 99.3% average agreement (SD 4%) and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.96, p<0.001, with accepted RMS charge radii. These results compare favorably to a close-packed nucleons model and a spherical nucleus model. A set of AQS parameters is included. Light nuclei tend to form ring structures corresponding to regular polyhedra, the smallest of which is the dodecagon structure of helium-4. Opposite quarks link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Quark sequences may overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. The more regular polyhedron structures of light nuclei yield better AQS radius predictions, whereas larger nuclei tend to be less regular and are thus less predictable (with the exception of the double overlapping octadecagon structure for the 36 quarks of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship to the proton radius, allow a geometric solution to the “proton puzzle” yielding an AQS prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm.

An Alternating Quark Sequence Subnucleonic Structure of Stable Light Nuclei H-1 Through C-13

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Quark Masses ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Proton Radius ◽  
Regular Polyhedra ◽  
Nuclear Models ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Form Ring ◽  
Geometric Relationship

The proposed structures of stable nuclei of H-1 through C-13 incorporate an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) of equally spaced quarks around regular geometries. AQS nuclear models represent quark positions in the same way molecular ball and stick models represent the relative positions of atoms. In AQS, the ball identifies the center of quark mass and the stick length is constant and equal to the most recent radius of the proton (0.8414 fm). AQS radius predictions use current quark masses, and predictions for H-1 to C-13 demonstrate 99.3% average agreement (SD 4%) and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.96, p<0.001, with accepted RMS charge radii. These results compare favorably to a close-packed nucleons model and a spherical nucleus model. A set of AQS parameters is included. Light nuclei tend to form ring structures corresponding to regular polyhedra, the smallest of which is the dodecagon structure of helium-4. Opposite quarks link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Quark sequences may overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. The more regular polyhedron structures of light nuclei yield better AQS radius predictions, whereas larger nuclei tend to be less regular and are thus less predictable (with the exception of the double overlapping octadecagon structure for the 36 quarks of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship to the proton radius, allow a geometric solution to the “proton puzzle” yielding an AQS prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm.

scholarly journals Nuclear Structure and Stability Arise from Alternating Quarks within Light Nuclei

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Structure And Stability ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Ring Structures

<div><p>The atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons, each made of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists on nuclear structure from among the 30+ models of the atomic nucleus. Here we present the Alternating Quark Model (AQM), which proposes a role for quarks in nuclear structure and stability. The uncertainty principle precludes <i>exact</i> localization of quarks; AQM structures are based on <i>average</i> quark positions. Quark sequences within light nuclei assume simple geometries, and resulting radius predictions demonstrate 99% (±1) agreement, and statistical correlation ρ = 0.99 (p<0.001), with accepted radii. Within the model, stable nuclides have nucleon structures (proton-<i>udu,</i> and neutron-<i>dud</i>) that link by quark-quark interactions to maintain an alternating quark sequence, with spacing between linked quarks equaling the radius of the proton (both within and between nucleons). The 18 quarks of Li-6 form a ring, and larger structures contain one or more complete or incomplete Li-6 rings stacked in parallel. Protons on one ring must align with neutrons on a parallel ring (and vice versa) to form closely correlated proton-neutron pairs. We show that structures violating an alternating quark sequence, or lacking proton-neutron pairing between rings, are unstable or don’t exist at all. The deuteron is an open-ended quark sequence whereas heavier nuclides contain quarks enclosed within one or more ring structures. This difference in local environment may account for the EMC effect. Electrostatic forces arising from alternating/unequal quark charges are shown to predict a Coulomb barrier between fusing nuclei. The Coulombic forces of fusing nuclei are then modeled with N/S alternating permanent magnets, yielding a magnetic potential barrier. Finally, we propose a structure for quarks as linked harmonic oscillators, and suggest a mechanism for beta decay.<br></p> </div>

scholarly journals An Alternating Quark Sequence Predicts Nuclear Radius from Quark Number

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Nuclear Radius ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Deuterium Nucleus ◽  
Insight Into

<div> <div> <p>The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, each comprising a mix of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists for nuclear structure from among the 30+ proposed models of the atomic nucleus, although they generally agree that quarks play no role. The light nuclides of interest to nuclear fusion exist in a purgatory of uncertainty, wanting not only for structure but also for some insight into their erratic sizes. The deuterium nucleus is twice the mass of the proton but 2.5 times larger. In fact, deuterium is larger than either tritium or helium-4. The lithium-7 nucleus is larger than all of these, yet smaller than lithium-6. Here we show that an alternating quark model (AQM) predicts these erratic nuclear radii to within 99% of experimental (SD 2.5%). The distance between sequential quarks is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Quark structures assume simple geometries. Alternating quarks predict the height of the Coulomb barrier, and demonstrate a coulombic mechanism for quantum tunneling. Through the lens of nonlinear dynamics, quarks behave as linked harmonic oscillators traveling within a basin of attraction. This satisfies the uncertainty principle while allowing localization of an average quark position. The alternating quark model thus represents an intersection between chaos theory and quantum mechanical uncertainty.<br></p> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Nuclear Structure and Stability Arise from Alternating Quarks within Light Nuclei

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Nuclear Stability ◽  
Deuterium Nucleus ◽  
Insight Into

<div> <div> <p>The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, each comprising a mix of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists for nuclear structure from among the 30+ proposed models of the atomic nucleus, although they generally agree that quarks play no role. The light nuclides of interest to nuclear fusion exist in a purgatory of uncertainty, wanting not only for structure but also for some insight into their erratic sizes. The deuterium nucleus is twice the mass of the proton but 2.5 times larger. In fact, deuterium is larger than either tritium or helium-4. The lithium-7 nucleus is larger than all of these, yet smaller than lithium-6. Here we show that an alternating quark model (AQM) predicts these erratic nuclear radii to within 99% of experimental (SD 2.5%). The distance between sequential quarks is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Quark structures assume simple geometries. Alternating quarks predict nuclear stability, the height of the Coulomb barrier, near-range attraction, and far-range repulsion. Through the lens of nonlinear dynamics, quarks behave as linked harmonic oscillators traveling within a basin of attraction. This satisfies the uncertainty principle while allowing localization of an average quark position. The alternating quark model thus represents an intersection between chaos theory and quantum mechanical uncertainty.<br></p> </div> </div>

scholarly journals An Alternating Quark Sequence Predicts Nuclear Radius from Quark Number

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Nuclear Radius ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Deuterium Nucleus ◽  
Insight Into

<div> <div> <p>The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, each comprising a mix of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists for nuclear structure from among the 30+ proposed models of the atomic nucleus, although they generally agree that quarks play no role. The light nuclides of interest to nuclear fusion exist in a purgatory of uncertainty, wanting not only for structure but also for some insight into their erratic sizes. The deuterium nucleus is twice the mass of the proton but 2.5 times larger. In fact, deuterium is larger than either tritium or helium-4. The lithium-7 nucleus is larger than all of these, yet smaller than lithium-6. Here we show that an alternating quark model (AQM) predicts these erratic nuclear radii to within 99% of experimental (SD 2.5%). The distance between sequential quarks is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Quark structures assume simple geometries. Alternating quarks predict the height of the Coulomb barrier, and demonstrate a coulombic mechanism for quantum tunneling. Through the lens of nonlinear dynamics, quarks behave as linked harmonic oscillators traveling within a basin of attraction. This satisfies the uncertainty principle while allowing localization of an average quark position. The alternating quark model thus represents an intersection between chaos theory and quantum mechanical uncertainty.<br></p> </div> </div>

scholarly journals An Alternating Quark Sequence Predicts Nuclear Radius from Quark Number

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Nuclear Radius ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Deuterium Nucleus ◽  
Insight Into

<div> <div> <p>The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, each comprising a mix of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists for nuclear structure from among the 30+ proposed models of the atomic nucleus, although they generally agree that quarks play no role. The light nuclides of interest to nuclear fusion exist in a purgatory of uncertainty, wanting not only for structure but also for some insight into their erratic sizes. The deuterium nucleus is twice the mass of the proton but 2.5 times larger. In fact, deuterium is larger than either tritium or helium-4. The lithium-7 nucleus is larger than all of these, yet smaller than lithium-6. Here we show that an alternating quark model (AQM) predicts these erratic nuclear radii to within 99% of experimental (SD 2.5%). The distance between sequential quarks is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Quark structures assume simple geometries. Alternating quarks predict the height of the Coulomb barrier, and demonstrate a coulombic mechanism for quantum tunneling. Through the lens of nonlinear dynamics, quarks behave as linked harmonic oscillators traveling within a basin of attraction. This satisfies the uncertainty principle while allowing localization of an average quark position. The alternating quark model thus represents an intersection between chaos theory and quantum mechanical uncertainty.<br></p> </div> </div>

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