Particle Physics Phenomenology

The most important milestones in particle physics are put in a historical perspective. We follow a century of scattering experiments, from Rutherford to LHC. We introduce successively the concept of the atomic nucleus, the study of β‎-decay and the proposal of the neutrino, the first internal symmetries, the Fermi theory and the Yukawa meson. In parallel we present the technical achievements in accelerator and detector technologies which made these advances possible. We end with the discovery of strange particles, the flavour SU(3) unitary symmetry, and the introduction of the quarks. This chapter follows a descriptive rather than a deductive approach and summa- rises many aspects of particle physics phenomenology which preceded the discovery of the Standard Model.

Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos from scattering on bound electrons in atom

In this paper, we consider the effects of bound atomic electrons scattered by solar neutrinos due to the electromagnetic properties of neutrinos. This necessitates considering the recoil of atomic nucleus, which should be considered in the momentum conservation, but the effect to the energy conservation is negligible. This effect changes the kinematic behavior of the scattered electron compared to that scattered on free electrons. We apply this effect to the recent XENON1T data, but the bounds obtained from this are not very restrictive. We obtained the bounds: the (transition) magnetic moment [Formula: see text] (times the electron Bohr magneton) and the charge radius [Formula: see text] cm. For a nonvanishing millicharge [Formula: see text], the allowed bound is shown in the [Formula: see text] plane.

Development of PowToon-Based Physics Learning Media on Atomic Nucleus Materials for Class XII Senior High School

Online service in the form of the Powtoon application can be used to develop physics learning media with presentations that have very interesting animation features. The purpose of this research is to produce a learning media product in the form of a compact disk (CD) on the subject of the atomic nucleus in the learning process of class XII high school students. The research method uses Research and Development with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) which is modified only to the development stage. Based on the results of the validation test on the content aspect obtained 90%, the design aspect 83%, the pedagogic aspect 87%, and the ease of use aspect 84%. The results of this research indicate that the learning media using the Powtoon application on the atomic nucleus material is declared valid. Thus the Powtoon application-based learning media is declared feasible to be used as a learning media on atomic nucleus material in class XII SMA.

Criticism of Inaccuracies and Ordering of the Periodic Table of Elements

The atomic nucleus model was developed to clarify the revised table of elements. Between lutetium and hafnium, the difference in atomic masses does not reach four units, while new elements with atomic numbers 72-75 are located there. How can nucleons be packed in a nucleus so that it is droplet and shell and with the required number of neutrons? Such a nucleus is obtained if alpha particles are placed in the surface layer, and only neutrons are inside the nucleus. In this case, for new chemical elements with numbers 72-75 inside the nucleus, the neutron can be replaced by a proton, and therefore the atomic mass of the elements between lutetium and hafnium will change insignificantly. The model was obtained by considering the structures of atomic nuclei from heavy to light.

Design and Validity of Physics Teaching Materials Based on Cognitive Conflict Integrated Virtual Laboratory in Atomic Nucleus

Curiculum.2013 requires.the students to be able to improve.the understanding of a.concepts. But it stil not realizet One of the solutions of this problem is to make physics teaching.materials based on cognitive conflicts on atomic nucleus to improve students’ conceptual understanding. The purpose.of this a research is to produce a valid cognitive conflict-based teaching material design. The type of research is Design / Development Research usingn the Plomp model. However, this research is limited to theaPreliminary.Research and Prototype.Phase. The first step is Preliminary Research by analyzing needs and context by conducting journal analysis and interviews with physics teachers in schools. The second step of the Prototype.Phase is the development stage by making the design of teaching materials, conducting validation by researchers (self evaluation) and experts review. From the results.of.the Preliminary Research stage, it was found that in the atomic nucleus theory there were still many misconceptions, there were no teaching materials that integrated models and there was a lack of guidelines for conducting virtual laboratory. In the Prototype Phase, it was found that the results ofathe design of teaching materials is based on cognitive conflict that were developed had passed the self-validation and experts validation tests with a very valid validity level with an averaga value of 0.87. With the acquisition of this value, the design of physics teaching materials based on cognitive conflict is declaredjfeasible.to be used in the learning processin order to improve the conceptual understandingof the students.

Nuclear Structure and Stability Arise from Alternating Quarks within Light Nuclei

<div><p>The atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons, each made of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists on nuclear structure from among the 30+ models of the atomic nucleus. Here we present the Alternating Quark Model (AQM), which proposes a role for quarks in nuclear structure and stability. The uncertainty principle precludes <i>exact</i> localization of quarks; AQM structures are based on <i>average</i> quark positions. Quark sequences within light nuclei assume simple geometries, and resulting radius predictions demonstrate 99% (±1) agreement, and statistical correlation ρ = 0.99 (p<0.001), with accepted radii. Within the model, stable nuclides have nucleon structures (proton-<i>udu,</i> and neutron-<i>dud</i>) that link by quark-quark interactions to maintain an alternating quark sequence, with spacing between linked quarks equaling the radius of the proton (both within and between nucleons). The 18 quarks of Li-6 form a ring, and larger structures contain one or more complete or incomplete Li-6 rings stacked in parallel. Protons on one ring must align with neutrons on a parallel ring (and vice versa) to form closely correlated proton-neutron pairs. We show that structures violating an alternating quark sequence, or lacking proton-neutron pairing between rings, are unstable or don’t exist at all. The deuteron is an open-ended quark sequence whereas heavier nuclides contain quarks enclosed within one or more ring structures. This difference in local environment may account for the EMC effect. Electrostatic forces arising from alternating/unequal quark charges are shown to predict a Coulomb barrier between fusing nuclei. The Coulombic forces of fusing nuclei are then modeled with N/S alternating permanent magnets, yielding a magnetic potential barrier. Finally, we propose a structure for quarks as linked harmonic oscillators, and suggest a mechanism for beta decay.<br></p> </div>

Nuclear Structure and Stability Arise from Alternating Quarks within Light Nuclei

<div> <div> <p>The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, each comprising a mix of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists for nuclear structure from among the 30+ proposed models of the atomic nucleus, although they generally agree that quarks play no role. The light nuclides of interest to nuclear fusion exist in a purgatory of uncertainty, wanting not only for structure but also for some insight into their erratic sizes. The deuterium nucleus is twice the mass of the proton but 2.5 times larger. In fact, deuterium is larger than either tritium or helium-4. The lithium-7 nucleus is larger than all of these, yet smaller than lithium-6. Here we show that an alternating quark model (AQM) predicts these erratic nuclear radii to within 99% of experimental (SD 2.5%). The distance between sequential quarks is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Quark structures assume simple geometries. Alternating quarks predict nuclear stability, the height of the Coulomb barrier, near-range attraction, and far-range repulsion. Through the lens of nonlinear dynamics, quarks behave as linked harmonic oscillators traveling within a basin of attraction. This satisfies the uncertainty principle while allowing localization of an average quark position. The alternating quark model thus represents an intersection between chaos theory and quantum mechanical uncertainty.<br></p> </div> </div>

Exergy: Mechanical Nuclear Physics Measures Pressure, Viscosity and X-Ray Resonance in K-Shell in a Classical Way

First, the liquid drop model assumes a priori; to the atomic nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, as an incompressible nuclear fluid that should comply with the Navier–Stokes 3D equations (N-S3D). Conjecture, not yet proven, however, this model has successfully predicted the binding energy of the nuclei. Second, the calculation of nuclear pressure p0∈1.42,1.94]1032Pa and average viscosity η=1.71×1024fm2/s, as a function of the nuclear decay constant k=p02η=1T1/2, not only complements the information from the National Nuclear Data Center, but also presents an analytical solution of (N- S3D). Third, the solution of (N-S3D) is a Fermi Dirac generalized probability function Pxyzt=11+ep02ηt−μx2+y2+z21/2, Fourth, the parameter μ has a correspondence with the Yukawa potential coefficient μ=αm=1/r, Fifth, using low energy X-rays we visualize and measure parameters of the nuclear surface (proton radio) giving rise to the femtoscope. Finally, we obtain that the pressure of the proton is 8.14 times greater than the pressure of the neutron, and 1000 times greater than the pressure of the atomic nucleus. Analyzed data were isotopes: 9≤Z≤92 and 9≤N≤200.