scholarly journals An Alternating Quark Sequence Subnucleonic Structure of Stable Light Nuclei H-1 Through Li-7

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Quark Masses ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Proton Radius ◽  
Regular Polyhedra ◽  
Nuclear Models ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Form Ring ◽  
Geometric Relationship

The proposed structures of stable nuclei of H-1 through Li-7 incorporate an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) of equally spaced quarks around regular geometries. AQS nuclear models represent quark positions in the same way molecular ball and stick models represent the relative positions of atoms. In AQS, the ball identifies the center of quark mass and the stick length is constant and equal to the most recent radius of the proton (0.8414 fm). AQS radius predictions use accepted quark masses where necessary, and predictions demonstrate 99.3% average agreement (SD 4%) and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.96, p<0.001, with accepted RMS charge radii. These results compare favorably to a close-packed nucleons model and a spherical nucleus model. A set of AQS parameters is included. Light nuclei tend to form ring structures corresponding to regular polyhedra, the smallest of which is the dodecagon structure of helium-4. Opposite quarks link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Quark sequences may overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. The more regular polyhedron structures of light nuclei yield better AQS radius predictions, whereas larger nuclei tend to be less regular and are thus less predictable (with the exception of the double overlapping octadecagon structure for the 36 quarks of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship to the proton radius, allow a geometric solution to the “proton puzzle” yielding an AQS prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm.

An Alternating Quark Sequence Subnucleonic Structure of Stable Light Nuclei H-1 Through C-13

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Quark Masses ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Proton Radius ◽  
Regular Polyhedra ◽  
Nuclear Models ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Form Ring ◽  
Geometric Relationship

The proposed structures of stable nuclei of H-1 through C-13 incorporate an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) of equally spaced quarks around regular geometries. AQS nuclear models represent quark positions in the same way molecular ball and stick models represent the relative positions of atoms. In AQS, the ball identifies the center of quark mass and the stick length is constant and equal to the most recent radius of the proton (0.8414 fm). AQS radius predictions use current quark masses, and predictions for H-1 to C-13 demonstrate 99.3% average agreement (SD 4%) and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.96, p<0.001, with accepted RMS charge radii. These results compare favorably to a close-packed nucleons model and a spherical nucleus model. A set of AQS parameters is included. Light nuclei tend to form ring structures corresponding to regular polyhedra, the smallest of which is the dodecagon structure of helium-4. Opposite quarks link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Quark sequences may overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. The more regular polyhedron structures of light nuclei yield better AQS radius predictions, whereas larger nuclei tend to be less regular and are thus less predictable (with the exception of the double overlapping octadecagon structure for the 36 quarks of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship to the proton radius, allow a geometric solution to the “proton puzzle” yielding an AQS prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm.

scholarly journals An Alternating Quark Sequence Subnucleonic Structure of Stable Light Nuclei H-1 Through Li-7

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Regular Polyhedron ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Proton Radius ◽  
Continuous Sequence ◽  
Down Quark ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Stick Model ◽  
Geometric Relationship

<div> <div> <div> <p>Structures of stable light nuclei incorporate an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) of equally spaced quarks around regular polyhedron geometries. AQS is a ball-and-stick model in which the ball represents the average center of cur- rent quark mass, and the stick length is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. AQS radius predictions of H-1 through Li-7 demonstrate 99.3% average agreement (SD 4%) and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.96, p<0.001, with accepted RMS charge radii. Light nuclei above deuterium conform to ring structures whose radii are calculated from the formula of a regular polygon having n sides, each side equal to the radius of the proton, and n vertices, each occupied by a quark. Quark-quark interactions link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Parallel strands of quark sequences overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. Regular polyhedron structures yield better radius predictions; larger nuclei tend to be less regular and less predictable (with the exception of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship tithe proton radius, allow a prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm. ASQ localizes average quark position, and the high statistical correlation of ASQ with experimental radii thus warrants an expression of the uncertainty principle as the product of uncertainty in energy and time rather than position and momentum. This view is consistent with the quark as a harmonic oscillator. </p> </div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Alternating Quark Model: First Principles to Fusion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Regular Polyhedron ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Proton Radius ◽  
Continuous Sequence ◽  
Down Quark ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Geometric Relationship

<div> <div> <p>A subnucleonic structure of light nuclei comprises an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) that accounts for the measured RMS charge radii with an agreement of >99% and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.99, p<0.001. An interpretation of the uncertainty principle in terms of uncertainty in energy and time, coupled with Chaos theory as relates to linked harmonic oscillators, allows localization of average quark position. Structures incorporate equally spaced quarks around regular polyhedron geometries. The distance between neighboring quarks in a sequence is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Light nuclei from H-3 to Li-7 conform to ring structures whose radii are calculated from the formula of a regular polygon having <i>n</i> sides, each side equal to the radius of the proton, and <i>n</i> vertices, each occupied by a quark. Quark-quark interactions link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Parallel strands of quark sequences overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. Regular polyhedron structures yield better radius predictions; larger nuclei tend to be less regular and less predictable (with the exception of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship tithe proton radius, allow a prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm.<br></p> </div> </div>

An Alternating Quark Sequence Predicts Nuclear Radius from Quark Number

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Regular Polyhedron ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Proton Radius ◽  
Continuous Sequence ◽  
Down Quark ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Geometric Relationship

<div> <div> <p>A subnucleonic structure of light nuclei comprises an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) that accounts for the measured RMS charge radii with an agreement of >99% and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.99, p<0.001. An interpretation of the uncertainty principle in terms of uncertainty in energy and time, coupled with Chaos theory as relates to linked harmonic oscillators, allows localization of average quark position. Structures incorporate equally spaced quarks around regular polyhedron geometries. The distance between neighboring quarks in a sequence is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Light nuclei from H-3 to Li-7 conform to ring structures whose radii are calculated from the formula of a regular polygon having <i>n</i> sides, each side equal to the radius of the proton, and <i>n</i> vertices, each occupied by a quark. Quark-quark interactions link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Parallel strands of quark sequences overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. Regular polyhedron structures yield better radius predictions; larger nuclei tend to be less regular and less predictable (with the exception of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship tithe proton radius, allow a prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm.<br></p> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Nuclear Structure and Stability Arise from Alternating Quarks within Light Nuclei

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Structure And Stability ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Ring Structures

<div><p>The atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons, each made of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists on nuclear structure from among the 30+ models of the atomic nucleus. Here we present the Alternating Quark Model (AQM), which proposes a role for quarks in nuclear structure and stability. The uncertainty principle precludes <i>exact</i> localization of quarks; AQM structures are based on <i>average</i> quark positions. Quark sequences within light nuclei assume simple geometries, and resulting radius predictions demonstrate 99% (±1) agreement, and statistical correlation ρ = 0.99 (p<0.001), with accepted radii. Within the model, stable nuclides have nucleon structures (proton-<i>udu,</i> and neutron-<i>dud</i>) that link by quark-quark interactions to maintain an alternating quark sequence, with spacing between linked quarks equaling the radius of the proton (both within and between nucleons). The 18 quarks of Li-6 form a ring, and larger structures contain one or more complete or incomplete Li-6 rings stacked in parallel. Protons on one ring must align with neutrons on a parallel ring (and vice versa) to form closely correlated proton-neutron pairs. We show that structures violating an alternating quark sequence, or lacking proton-neutron pairing between rings, are unstable or don’t exist at all. The deuteron is an open-ended quark sequence whereas heavier nuclides contain quarks enclosed within one or more ring structures. This difference in local environment may account for the EMC effect. Electrostatic forces arising from alternating/unequal quark charges are shown to predict a Coulomb barrier between fusing nuclei. The Coulombic forces of fusing nuclei are then modeled with N/S alternating permanent magnets, yielding a magnetic potential barrier. Finally, we propose a structure for quarks as linked harmonic oscillators, and suggest a mechanism for beta decay.<br></p> </div>

scholarly journals CURVATURE INTERACTION IN COLLECTIVE SPACE

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1250103 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD HERRMANN
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Coupling Strength ◽  
Riemannian Space ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Finite Range ◽  
Curvature Scalar ◽  
Droplet Model ◽  
Collective Coordinates ◽  
Nuclear Models ◽  
Additional Interaction

For the Riemannian space, built from the collective coordinates used within nuclear models, an additional interaction with the metric is investigated, using the collective equivalent to Einstein's curvature scalar. The coupling strength is determined using a fit with the AME2003 ground state masses. An extended finite-range droplet model including curvature is introduced, which generates significant improvements for light nuclei and nuclei in the trans-fermium region.

Inhibitory and neutral antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum MSP119 form ring structures with their antigen

2004 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carien Dekker ◽  
Chairat Uthaipibull ◽  
Lesley J. Calder ◽  
Matthew Lock ◽  
Munira Grainger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Form Ring

scholarly journals Application of AdS/CFT in Nuclear Physics

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Pahlavani ◽  
R. Morad
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Decay Constant ◽  
Nucleon Nucleon ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Nuclear Models ◽  
Holographic Qcd ◽  
Gauge Gravity ◽  
Gravity Duality

We review some recent progress in studying the nuclear physics especially nucleon-nucleon (NN) force within the gauge-gravity duality, in context of noncritical string theory. Our main focus is on the holographic QCD model based on the AdS6background. We explain the noncritical holography model and obtain the vector-meson spectrum and pion decay constant. Also, we study the NN interaction in this frame and calculate the nucleonmeson coupling constants. A further topic covered is a toy model for calculating the light nuclei potential. In particular, we calculate the light nuclei binding energies and also excited energies of some available excited states. We compare our results with the results of other nuclear models and also with the experimental data. Moreover, we describe some other issues which are studied using the gauge-gravity duality.

Effect of age on outcome in patients with cerebral stroke

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
G. R. Kuchava ◽  
E. V. Eliseev ◽  
B. V. Silaev ◽  
D. A. Doroshenko ◽  
Yu. N. Fedulaev
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Neurological Deficit ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Cerebral Stroke ◽  
Septic Complications ◽  
Risk Of Death

The aim of the study was to assess the course and outcome of cerebral infarction, depending on the age factor and duration of stay in the neuroblock. Materials and methods: a dynamic observation of 494 patients, men and women, aged 38–84 years with acute ischemic stroke of hemispheric localization, which were divided into the three groups depending on age, was performed. Group 1 – younger than 60 years old, group 2–60–70 years old, group 3 – older than 60 years. All patients underwent standard therapy, according to the recommendations for the treatment of ischemic stroke. The patients underwent comprehensive clinical and instrumental monitoring, which included assessment of somatic and neurological status according to the NIH‑NINDS scales at 1st, 3rd, 10th days and at discharge or death; assessment of the level of social adaptation according to the Bartel scale on 1st, 3rd, 10th days and at discharge, clinical and biochemical blood tests, computed tomography of the brain. Assessment of the quality of therapy was carried out according to specially developed maps using methods of statistical correlation analysis. Results: the most pronounced positive dynamics of neurological status was in the 1st group of patients. The regression of neurological deficit in the 2nd group was worse. The minimal dynamics of neurological deficit was in the 3rd group of patients with cerebral stroke. Most often, the death of patients with cerebral stroke occurred from the development of multiple organ disorders. Conclusions: patients over 70 years of age have the greatest risk of death, due to: a decrease in the reactivity of the body, the presence of initially severe concomitant somatic pathology in patients with admission to hospital; accession of secondary somatic and purulent‑septic complications.

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