scholarly journals Nuclear Structure and Stability Arise from Alternating Quarks within Light Nuclei

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Nuclear Stability ◽  
Deuterium Nucleus ◽  
Insight Into

<div> <div> <p>The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, each comprising a mix of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists for nuclear structure from among the 30+ proposed models of the atomic nucleus, although they generally agree that quarks play no role. The light nuclides of interest to nuclear fusion exist in a purgatory of uncertainty, wanting not only for structure but also for some insight into their erratic sizes. The deuterium nucleus is twice the mass of the proton but 2.5 times larger. In fact, deuterium is larger than either tritium or helium-4. The lithium-7 nucleus is larger than all of these, yet smaller than lithium-6. Here we show that an alternating quark model (AQM) predicts these erratic nuclear radii to within 99% of experimental (SD 2.5%). The distance between sequential quarks is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Quark structures assume simple geometries. Alternating quarks predict nuclear stability, the height of the Coulomb barrier, near-range attraction, and far-range repulsion. Through the lens of nonlinear dynamics, quarks behave as linked harmonic oscillators traveling within a basin of attraction. This satisfies the uncertainty principle while allowing localization of an average quark position. The alternating quark model thus represents an intersection between chaos theory and quantum mechanical uncertainty.<br></p> </div> </div>

scholarly journals An Alternating Quark Sequence Predicts Nuclear Radius from Quark Number

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Nuclear Radius ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Deuterium Nucleus ◽  
Insight Into

<div> <div> <p>The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, each comprising a mix of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists for nuclear structure from among the 30+ proposed models of the atomic nucleus, although they generally agree that quarks play no role. The light nuclides of interest to nuclear fusion exist in a purgatory of uncertainty, wanting not only for structure but also for some insight into their erratic sizes. The deuterium nucleus is twice the mass of the proton but 2.5 times larger. In fact, deuterium is larger than either tritium or helium-4. The lithium-7 nucleus is larger than all of these, yet smaller than lithium-6. Here we show that an alternating quark model (AQM) predicts these erratic nuclear radii to within 99% of experimental (SD 2.5%). The distance between sequential quarks is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Quark structures assume simple geometries. Alternating quarks predict the height of the Coulomb barrier, and demonstrate a coulombic mechanism for quantum tunneling. Through the lens of nonlinear dynamics, quarks behave as linked harmonic oscillators traveling within a basin of attraction. This satisfies the uncertainty principle while allowing localization of an average quark position. The alternating quark model thus represents an intersection between chaos theory and quantum mechanical uncertainty.<br></p> </div> </div>

scholarly journals An Alternating Quark Sequence Predicts Nuclear Radius from Quark Number

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Nuclear Radius ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Deuterium Nucleus ◽  
Insight Into

<div> <div> <p>The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, each comprising a mix of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists for nuclear structure from among the 30+ proposed models of the atomic nucleus, although they generally agree that quarks play no role. The light nuclides of interest to nuclear fusion exist in a purgatory of uncertainty, wanting not only for structure but also for some insight into their erratic sizes. The deuterium nucleus is twice the mass of the proton but 2.5 times larger. In fact, deuterium is larger than either tritium or helium-4. The lithium-7 nucleus is larger than all of these, yet smaller than lithium-6. Here we show that an alternating quark model (AQM) predicts these erratic nuclear radii to within 99% of experimental (SD 2.5%). The distance between sequential quarks is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Quark structures assume simple geometries. Alternating quarks predict the height of the Coulomb barrier, and demonstrate a coulombic mechanism for quantum tunneling. Through the lens of nonlinear dynamics, quarks behave as linked harmonic oscillators traveling within a basin of attraction. This satisfies the uncertainty principle while allowing localization of an average quark position. The alternating quark model thus represents an intersection between chaos theory and quantum mechanical uncertainty.<br></p> </div> </div>

scholarly journals An Alternating Quark Sequence Predicts Nuclear Radius from Quark Number

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Nuclear Radius ◽  
Helium 4 ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Deuterium Nucleus ◽  
Insight Into

<div> <div> <p>The atomic nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, each comprising a mix of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists for nuclear structure from among the 30+ proposed models of the atomic nucleus, although they generally agree that quarks play no role. The light nuclides of interest to nuclear fusion exist in a purgatory of uncertainty, wanting not only for structure but also for some insight into their erratic sizes. The deuterium nucleus is twice the mass of the proton but 2.5 times larger. In fact, deuterium is larger than either tritium or helium-4. The lithium-7 nucleus is larger than all of these, yet smaller than lithium-6. Here we show that an alternating quark model (AQM) predicts these erratic nuclear radii to within 99% of experimental (SD 2.5%). The distance between sequential quarks is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Quark structures assume simple geometries. Alternating quarks predict the height of the Coulomb barrier, and demonstrate a coulombic mechanism for quantum tunneling. Through the lens of nonlinear dynamics, quarks behave as linked harmonic oscillators traveling within a basin of attraction. This satisfies the uncertainty principle while allowing localization of an average quark position. The alternating quark model thus represents an intersection between chaos theory and quantum mechanical uncertainty.<br></p> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Nuclear Structure and Stability Arise from Alternating Quarks within Light Nuclei

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Harmonic Oscillators ◽  
Structure And Stability ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Ring Structures

<div><p>The atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons, each made of 3 up or down quarks. No consensus exists on nuclear structure from among the 30+ models of the atomic nucleus. Here we present the Alternating Quark Model (AQM), which proposes a role for quarks in nuclear structure and stability. The uncertainty principle precludes <i>exact</i> localization of quarks; AQM structures are based on <i>average</i> quark positions. Quark sequences within light nuclei assume simple geometries, and resulting radius predictions demonstrate 99% (±1) agreement, and statistical correlation ρ = 0.99 (p<0.001), with accepted radii. Within the model, stable nuclides have nucleon structures (proton-<i>udu,</i> and neutron-<i>dud</i>) that link by quark-quark interactions to maintain an alternating quark sequence, with spacing between linked quarks equaling the radius of the proton (both within and between nucleons). The 18 quarks of Li-6 form a ring, and larger structures contain one or more complete or incomplete Li-6 rings stacked in parallel. Protons on one ring must align with neutrons on a parallel ring (and vice versa) to form closely correlated proton-neutron pairs. We show that structures violating an alternating quark sequence, or lacking proton-neutron pairing between rings, are unstable or don’t exist at all. The deuteron is an open-ended quark sequence whereas heavier nuclides contain quarks enclosed within one or more ring structures. This difference in local environment may account for the EMC effect. Electrostatic forces arising from alternating/unequal quark charges are shown to predict a Coulomb barrier between fusing nuclei. The Coulombic forces of fusing nuclei are then modeled with N/S alternating permanent magnets, yielding a magnetic potential barrier. Finally, we propose a structure for quarks as linked harmonic oscillators, and suggest a mechanism for beta decay.<br></p> </div>

Nuclear Electrons and Nuclear Structure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger H. Stuewer
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Alpha Particle ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Coincidence Method ◽  
Wolfgang Pauli ◽  
Beta Particles

Serious contradictions to the existence of electrons in nuclei impinged in one way or another on the theory of beta decay and became acute when Charles Ellis and William Wooster proved, in an experimental tour de force in 1927, that beta particles are emitted from a radioactive nucleus with a continuous distribution of energies. Bohr concluded that energy is not conserved in the nucleus, an idea that Wolfgang Pauli vigorously opposed. Another puzzle arose in alpha-particle experiments. Walther Bothe and his co-workers used his coincidence method in 1928–30 and concluded that energetic gamma rays are produced when polonium alpha particles bombard beryllium and other light nuclei. That stimulated Frédéric Joliot and Irène Curie to carry out related experiments. These experimental results were thoroughly discussed at a conference that Enrico Fermi organized in Rome in October 1931, whose proceedings included the first publication of Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis.

New insight into nuclear structure from QCD

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 731-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.W. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Insight Into

Ξ12C(0+) AND Ξ16O POTENTIALS DERIVED FROM THE SU6 QUARK-MODEL BARYON-BARYON INTERACTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2436-2441
Author(s):  
Y. Fujiwara ◽  
M. Kohno ◽  
Y. Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Quark Model ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Intermediate Region ◽  
Baryon Interaction ◽  
Core Potential ◽  
Weak Attraction ◽  
Isospin Dependence

We derive single-hyperon potentials for light nuclei, based on the G-matrix calculations of the quark-model baryon-baryon interactions developed by the Kyoto-Niigata group. The Ξ12 C (0+) and Ξ16 O potentials have non-trivial oscillating behavior, reflecting strong isospin dependence of the ΞN interaction; namely, attractive isospin I = 0 ΞN interaction and weakly repulsive I = 1 interaction. The latter repulsive effect is largely enhanced in the intermediate region of the Ξ-core potential, resulting in very weak attraction at the surface region.

AB INITIO NUCLEAR STRUCTURE AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS IN LIGHT NUCLEI

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETR NAVRÁTIL
Keyword(s):  
Ab Initio ◽  
Shell Model ◽  
Nuclear Reaction ◽  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Ab Initio Methods ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Nucleon Interactions

There has been significant progress in the ab initio approaches to the structure of light nuclei. One such method is the ab initio no-core shell model (NCSM). Starting from the realistic two- and three-nucleon interactions, this method can predict the low-lying levels in p-shell nuclei. It is a challenging task to extend the ab initio methods to describe nuclear reactions. In this contribution, we present a brief overview of the NCSM with examples of recent applications as well as the first steps taken toward nuclear reaction applications.

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