scholarly journals Schelling e a Questão dos Postulados Práticos em “Cartas Filosóficas sobre o Dogmatismo e Criticismo”

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-196
Author(s):  
Marilia Cota Pacheco

O texto “Cartas Filosóficas Sobre o Dogmatismo e o Criticismo” foi publicado entre 1795 e 1796 no Philosophisches Journal einer Gesellschaft Teutscher Gelehrten de Jena. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling tinha 21 anos e finalizava seus estudos no Instituto de Tübingen. Schelling demonstra que tanto o dogmatismo quanto o criticismo têm um ponto comum: a incapacidade de demonstrar a dedução do processo de individuação de onde o múltiplo surge a partir de uma unidade absoluta. De um lado, Schelling ressalta que Espinosa podia de certo formular a questão “como o Absoluto sai de si mesmo”, entretanto, lhe era inconcebível como o Absoluto pode sair de si mesmo. Por outro lado, Schelling considera que o criticismo pode provar a necessidade de proposições sintéticas para o domínio da experiência. “Mas ... por que há, em geral, um domínio da experiência?” A solução para as duas questões supracitadas se torna necessariamente um postulado prático. A originalidade de Schelling constitui no fato de que o autor especula a possibilidade de solucionar tal problema, considerando que a unidade absoluta da razão só pode aparecer, por assim dizer, pela necessidade de a razão em geral tornar-se prática. Contudo, é uma necessidade que não vale “para uma razão determinada, aprisionada nos grilhões de um sistema isolado; (...) a razão “deveria, onde o saber cessa, criar ela mesma um novo domínio, isto é, teria de tornar-se, de razão meramente cognoscente, uma razão criadora.” Pelo viés dos postulados práticos apresentaremos uma das raízes, por assim dizer, da dialética da imaginação no interior do pensamento de Schelling, a saber, a noção kantiana de incondicionado.

1978 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-129
Author(s):  
Werner Beierwaltes ◽  

Author(s):  
Vittorio Hösle

This chapter examines German idealism, which is the only philosophical school of thought has retained the epithet “German.” The reason being is because it was the most intellectually ambitious philosophy that Germany has produced; and because it succeeded in integrating almost all the innovative achievements of earlier German philosophy in the shape of a system, the most complex form of philosophical thought. The religious motivation of the three main figures within this movement contributed to the emergence of a kind of philosophical religiousness that was new in world history. These three crucial figures are Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854), and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831).


2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-422
Author(s):  
Hein van den Berg ◽  
Boris Demarest

Abstract Ernst Mayr argued that the emergence of biology as a special science in the early nineteenth century was possible due to the demise of the mathematical model of science and its insistence on demonstrative knowledge. More recently, John Zammito has claimed that the rise of biology as a special science was due to a distinctive experimental, anti-metaphysical, anti-mathematical, and anti-rationalist strand of thought coming from outside of Germany. In this paper we argue that this narrative neglects the important role played by the mathematical and axiomatic model of science in the emergence of biology as a special science. We show that several major actors involved in the emergence of biology as a science in Germany were working with an axiomatic conception of science that goes back at least to Aristotle and was popular in mid-eighteenth-century German academic circles due to its endorsement by Christian Wolff. More specifically, we show that at least two major contributors to the emergence of biology in Germany—Caspar Friedrich Wolff and Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus—sought to provide a conception of the new science of life that satisfies the criteria of a traditional axiomatic ideal of science. Both C.F. Wolff and Treviranus took over strong commitments to the axiomatic model of science from major philosophers of their time, Christian Wolff and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, respectively. The ideal of biology as an axiomatic science with specific biological fundamental concepts and principles thus played a role in the emergence of biology as a special science.


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