scholarly journals Local Visual Processing in High Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Scorers.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lisa Mae McLean
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Local Bias ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Local Advantage ◽  
Memory Stage ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Relevant Level

<p>Reaction times for big and small letters (global and local levels) were compared and examined to see whether differences would occur between a low scoring and high scoring Obsessive-  Compulsive Disorder (OCD) group. OCD patients have been shown to notice and pay more attention to small details (local bias) compared to most other populations (Shapiro, 1965; Yovel et al. 2006; Caberea et al., 2001). Although there is research supporting a local bias in OCD patients, it is unclear whether the bias occurs in the early stages of visual processing or in a later memory stage (Moritz & Wendt, 2006; Hermans et al, 2008). The study specifically examined a potential local bias for high OCD scorers in the early visual stage by manipulating perceptual and attentional mechanisms in two hierarchical letter tasks (Navon, 1977; Miller, 1981a, Plaisted et al. 1999). In Experiment 1, participants were told which level (the big or small letter) to respond to, results showed that high OCD scorers responded faster to local letters, showing support for a local processing advantage. Conversely, the low OCD group responded quicker to the global level. The finding of a local advantage in Experiment 1 suggests that the local advantage may be due to perceptual mechanisms as attention was already directed to the relevant level. However, in Experiment 2 where attention was not directed and the image quality was manipulated, local and global advantage effects were not replicated for the high and low OCD groups respectively. This showed that attentional and perceptual mechanisms did not make one level easier to process over the other. Therefore, it is possible that any local bias for OCD patients occurs in a later processing stage.</p>

scholarly journals Local Visual Processing in High Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Scorers.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lisa Mae McLean
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Local Bias ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Local Advantage ◽  
Memory Stage ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Relevant Level

<p>Reaction times for big and small letters (global and local levels) were compared and examined to see whether differences would occur between a low scoring and high scoring Obsessive-  Compulsive Disorder (OCD) group. OCD patients have been shown to notice and pay more attention to small details (local bias) compared to most other populations (Shapiro, 1965; Yovel et al. 2006; Caberea et al., 2001). Although there is research supporting a local bias in OCD patients, it is unclear whether the bias occurs in the early stages of visual processing or in a later memory stage (Moritz & Wendt, 2006; Hermans et al, 2008). The study specifically examined a potential local bias for high OCD scorers in the early visual stage by manipulating perceptual and attentional mechanisms in two hierarchical letter tasks (Navon, 1977; Miller, 1981a, Plaisted et al. 1999). In Experiment 1, participants were told which level (the big or small letter) to respond to, results showed that high OCD scorers responded faster to local letters, showing support for a local processing advantage. Conversely, the low OCD group responded quicker to the global level. The finding of a local advantage in Experiment 1 suggests that the local advantage may be due to perceptual mechanisms as attention was already directed to the relevant level. However, in Experiment 2 where attention was not directed and the image quality was manipulated, local and global advantage effects were not replicated for the high and low OCD groups respectively. This showed that attentional and perceptual mechanisms did not make one level easier to process over the other. Therefore, it is possible that any local bias for OCD patients occurs in a later processing stage.</p>

scholarly journals Maintained Visual-, Auditory-, and Multisensory-Guided Associative Learning Functions in Children With Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ákos Pertich ◽  
Gabriella Eördegh ◽  
Laura Németh ◽  
Orsolya Hegedüs ◽  
Dorottya Öri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Acquired Equivalence ◽  
Learning Functions

Sensory-guided acquired equivalence learning, a specific kind of non-verbal associative learning, is associated with the frontal cortex–basal ganglia loops and hippocampi, which seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). In this study, we asked whether visual-, auditory-, and multisensory-guided associative acquired equivalence learning is affected in children with OCD. The first part of the applied learning paradigm investigated association building between two different sensory stimuli (where feedback was given about the correctness of the choices), a task that critically depends upon the basal ganglia. During the test phases, which primarily depended upon the hippocampi, the earlier learned and hitherto not shown but predictable associations were asked about without feedback. This study involved 31 children diagnosed with OCD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-V) criteria and 31 matched healthy control participants. The children suffering from OCD had the same performance as the control children in all phases of the applied visual-, auditory-, and multisensory-guided associative learning paradigms. Thus, both the acquisition and test phases were not negatively affected by OCD. The reaction times did not differ between the two groups, and the applied medication had no effect on the performances of the OCD patients. Our results support the findings that the structural changes of basal ganglia and hippocampi detected in adult OCD patients are not as pronounced in children, which could be the explanation of the maintained associative equivalence learning functions in children suffering from OCD.

scholarly journals Obsessive–compulsive disorder as a visual processing impairment

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Óscar F. Gonçalves ◽  
Tiago Reis Marques ◽  
Nicolás F. Lori ◽  
Adriana Sampaio ◽  
Miguel Castelo Branco
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

scholarly journals Conflict monitoring and adaptation as reflected by N2 amplitude in obsessive–compulsive disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1379-1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Riesel ◽  
J. Klawohn ◽  
N. Kathmann ◽  
T. Endrass
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Conflict Adaptation ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Related Potentials

BackgroundFeelings of doubt and perseverative behaviours are key symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and have been linked to hyperactive error and conflict signals in the brain. While enhanced neural correlates of error monitoring have been robustly shown, far less is known about conflict processing and adaptation in OCD.MethodWe examined event-related potentials during conflict processing in 70 patients with OCD and 70 matched healthy comparison participants, focusing on the stimulus-locked N2 elicited in a flanker task. Conflict adaptation was evaluated by analysing sequential adjustments in N2 and behaviour, i.e. current conflict effects as a function of preceding conflict.ResultsPatients with OCD showed enhanced N2 amplitudes compared with healthy controls. Further, patients showed stronger conflict adaptation effects on reaction times and N2 amplitude. Thus, the effect of previous compatibility was larger in patients than in healthy participants as indicated by greater N2 adjustments in change trials (i.e. iC, cI). As a result of stronger conflict adaptation in patients, N2 amplitudes were comparable between groups in incompatible trials following incompatible trials.ConclusionsLarger N2 amplitudes and greater conflict adaptation in OCD point to enhanced conflict monitoring leading to increased recruitment of cognitive control in patients. This was most pronounced in change trials and was associated with stronger conflict adjustment in N2 and behaviour. Thus, hyperactive conflict monitoring in OCD may be beneficial in situations that require a high amount of control to resolve conflict, but may also reflect an effortful process that is linked to distress and symptoms of OCD.

scholarly journals The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review of direct comparative studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1030-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Malcolm ◽  
Izelle Labuschagne ◽  
David Castle ◽  
Gill Terrett ◽  
Peter G Rendell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Pubmed Database

Objective: Current nosology conceptualises body dysmorphic disorder as being related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, but the direct evidence to support this conceptualisation is mixed. In this systematic review, we aimed to provide an integrated overview of research that has directly compared body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method: The PubMed database was searched for empirical studies which had directly compared body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder groups across any subject matter. Of 379 records, 31 met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Results: Evidence of similarities between body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder was identified for broad illness features, including age of onset, illness course, symptom severity and level of functional impairment, as well as high perfectionism and high fear of negative evaluation. However, insight was clearly worse in body dysmorphic disorder than obsessive-compulsive disorder, and preliminary data also suggested unique visual processing features, impaired facial affect recognition, increased social anxiety severity and overall greater social-affective dysregulation in body dysmorphic disorder relative to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion: Limitations included a restricted number of studies overall, an absence of studies comparing biological parameters (e.g. neuroimaging), and the frequent inclusion of participants with comorbid body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Risks of interpreting common features as indications of shared underlying mechanisms are explored, and evidence of differences between the disorders are placed in the context of broader research findings. Overall, this review suggests that the current nosological status of body dysmorphic disorder is somewhat tenuous and requires further investigation, with particular focus on dimensional, biological and aetiological elements.

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