Millions of people in the United States travel by personal automobile to attend professional sports matches played at various stadiums. Engineering and planning publications lack information on parking provisions for major sporting events. The results from this paper on parking outcomes suggest that the current parking provisions are not efficient. This case study examines parking supply, parking utilization, event auto occupancy, and event auto modal share at four major professional sports venues in the Denver, Colorado, region. The percentage of parking supply per parking demand was calculated for several surveyed games in terms of the average attendance, and parking utilization was evaluated during nonevent periods. In general, the surveys of the games indicated that more parking was provided than was necessary, even when attendance was higher than typical. For an event with average attendance, parking utilization was as low as 65%, with 2.2 persons per vehicle. In contrast, when parking occupancy was high, auto occupancy increased to 3.0 persons per vehicle. With such different carpool rates, as well as evidence suggesting that spectators who travel to some facilities are willing to park and walk farther than a half-mile, the results suggest that parking supply and travel behavior are endogenous and should not be treated independently. This study also considered parking occupancy at nonevent times and found whole-scale underutilization, even in downtown locations with great opportunity costs.
Does tree harvesting in streamside management zones adversely affect stream turbidity?—preliminary observations from an Australian case study