scholarly journals The Disappearance of Arthur Nestor: Parafiction, Cryptozoology, Curation

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-114
Author(s):  
Kirsty Robertson

This paper considers Beneath the Surface: The Archives of Arthur Nestor, a parafictional exhibition that I curated in 2014 with 16 undergraduate students at Western University, Canada. The exhibition depicted the life of Dr. Arthur Nestor, a professor of Biology who had disappeared from London (ON) in 1975, seemingly without trace. Over the summer of 2014, some of Nestor’s files and artefacts had been discovered during university renovations, and this archive was given to students in Museum Studies to organize and catalogue. As we sorted through the files, it became clear that Dr. Nestor was something of a controversial figure, a man who became an environmental activist in Southwestern Ontario because of his belief that cryptids (lake monsters) lived in Lakes Huron and Erie, and were in need of protection from human-made pollution. As the documents in his file overlapped with our research in the wider sphere, the evidence seemed to suggest that Nestor had left London to join Dr. Roy Mackal, a University of Chicago professor of cryptozoology searching for the Loch Ness Monster. This paper weaves together the tale of Arthur Nestor and the curating of Beneath the Surface with a history of the relationship between natural history museums and cryptozoology, ultimately questioning what parafiction can do in both art galleries and museums.

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
Liviu Răzvan Pripon

"Natural object or element of an artwork? Case Study: Artists, Artworks and Exhibitions in Cluj, Romania. In this article, we discuss the relationship between art and natural objects such as stuffed animals, skins, bones, dried plants or minerals and their aesthetical value from their position as artworks or elements of an artwork. In Cluj, between 2017 and 2019, artworks and exhibitions which integrate this type of practices and natural history materiality flourished. We aim to compose an inventory that could contribute to the archive of local art events, artworks, and artists in order to serve further analysis of local specificity, which could eventually find relevance in the theoretic approaches of art. In conclusion, we underline some of the theoretical approaches of the dynamics of natural object’s values and of the procedures established by organizations such as museums and galleries. Keywords: art galleries, art museums, natural history museums, natural object, BioArt"


2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. O. Sombrio

Abstract This paper will explore the significance of the expeditions under- taken by Wanda Hanke (1893-1958) in South America, of the networks she established in the region, as well as of her contributions to ethnological studies, in particular her compilation of extensive data and collections. Through Hanke's experience, it is possible to elucidate aspects of the history of ethnology and that of the history of museums in Brazil, as well as to emphasize the status of female participation in these areas. Wanda Hanke spent 25 years of her life studying the indigenous groups of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay and collecting ethnological objects for natural history museums. Trained in medicine and philosophy, she began to dedicate herself to ethnological studies in her forties, and she travelled alone, an uncommon characteristic among female scientists in the 1940s, in Brazil.


Author(s):  
Melania Stan

Abstract 57 species of the genus Philonthus were identified in the collections of four museums of Romania: Brukenthal National Museum, “Grigore Antipa” National Museum of Natural History, Museum of Natural History of Iaşi and Museum of Oltenia, Craiova. Philonthus wuesthoffi Bernhauer, an alien species from East Palaearctic Region, is a new record for the Romanian fauna. Except for Philonthus pyrenaeus Kiesenwetter, the species treated here are in the Romanian fauna and presented with their distribution maps. An identification key for Romanian Philonthus species found in the studied collections is also provided.


2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAMUEL J. M. M. ALBERTI

The cultural history of museums is crucial to the understanding of nineteenth-century natural history and its place in wider society, and yet although many of the larger metropolitan institutions are well charted, there remains very little accessible work on the hundreds of English collections outside London and the ancient universities. Natural history museums have been studied as part of the imperial project and as instruments of national governments; this paper presents an intermediary level of control, examining the various individuals and institutions who owned and managed museums at a local level in provincial England, and their intended audience constituencies. The shifting forms and functions of collections in Newcastle, Sheffield and Manchester are studied in the hands of private collectors, learned societies, municipal authorities and civic colleges. I argue that the civic elite retained control of museums throughout the nineteenth century, and although the admission criteria of these various groups became ostensibly more inclusive, privileged access continued to be granted to expert and esteemed visitors.


Author(s):  
Александр Александрович Писарев

Статья посвящена изменениям образности таксидермических объектов в музеях естественной истории. На ряде случаев прослеживаются связи этих изменений с трансформациями сети разнородных элементов – научных теорий и парадигм, музея, национальной политики, моральных представлений. Таксидермический объект понимается как объект науки, обладающий собственной материальностью и историей, музей – как пространство репрезентации природы, научных категорий и морально- политических идей. Таксидермия входит в музей естественной истории в XVIII веке ценой стирания своей художественности и искусственности в пользу объективной репрезентации «самой» природы. В контексте географических открытий и колониальных завоеваний чучела позволяли решить проблему удаленного во времени и пространстве наблюдения. Благодаря натурализации удается превратить чучело, теперь анонимное и стандартизированное, в воплощение таксона линнеевской систематики, неотделимой от соображений государственного управления ресурсами. Эта сцепка проявлялась в организации пространства экспозиции. В XIX веке с изменением принципа систематики, разработкой идеи организма в таксидермическую экспозицию через диорамы и биологические группы вводится измерение жизни. На конкретном примере демонстрируется использование таксидермических диорам в качестве инструмента морально-политической субъективации индивидов. В середине XX века наступает упадок таксидермии. Актуальная наука меняется и уходит из музеев естественной истории, разрушается колониальная система, критически переосмысливается отношение к колониальному наследию и животным, развиваются кинотехника и телевидение. Чучела становятся нежеланными артефактами жестокой политики и эстетики прежней эпохи и в большей степени объектами критических исследований и истории науки, чем науки. Музеи же, теряя финансирование и посетителей, оказываются в дважды противоречивом положении. Во-первых, между антиисторической натурализирующей научностью и историчностью денатурализованных экспонатов. Во-вторых, между неоднозначными эстетикой и историей таксидермии и изменившимся моральным порядком. Помимо других способов они пытаются разрешить эти противоречия путем переинтерпретации таксидермической экспозиции в рамках экологической повестки и при помощи точечных материально-дискурсивных вмешательств, превращающих чучела в аллегории вымирания и поврежденной природы. Этот ход позволяет удержаться в границах естественно-научного дискурса, одновременно обращаясь к моральному чувству посетителя. Однако при этом он воспроизводит мифологему «золотого века», основанную на противопоставлении природы и культуры, естественного и искусственного. На этом фоне выделяются другие траектории чучел в музее. Во-первых, художественные интервенции на территории музея, обращающиеся к таксидермии и шире архиву естественной истории. В таких случаях музей делегирует художникам право критической рефлексии по поводу научной идеологии и власти. Приводится ряд примеров таких интервенций. Во-вторых, таксидермические коллекции новых типов, изначально создаваемые не как плод объективирующего и систематизирующего подхода науки, а как проявление систематичности насилия и новой природы, безразличной к упомянутым выше оппозициям. Такая таксидермия может стать инструментом осмысления новой природы в эпоху, столь неудачно названную антропоценом, и рабочим объектом постгуманистической образности. The article is devoted to the transformations of the imagery of taxidermic objects in natural history museums. By examining several cases these transformations are linked to changes in a network of heterogeneous contexts - scientific theories and paradigms, the role of the museum, national politics, and public morals. While discussing the topic a taxidermic object is understood as an object of science with its own materiality and history and science museum is considered as a space for the representation of nature, scientific categories, and moral and political ideas, and as an instrument of collective empiricism. The history of taxidermy in a museum is the history of erasing its artistry and artificiality in favor of an objective representation of nature “itself". This naturalization makes it possible to turn the stuffed animal, now anonymous and standardized, into a taxon of Linnaean taxonomy, inseparable from considerations of public resource management. The consequences of such entry into the museum for the visual nature of taxidermy are written out. Next, we consider the change in taxonomy in the XIX century and the introduction of the idea of life in taxidermic exposition through dioramas and biological groups. A concrete example demonstrates the use of taxidermic dioramas as a tool for moral and political transformation of individuals through the aura-like experience of nature. In the middle of the XX century, the decline of taxidermy begins. Due to the withdrawal of up-to-date science from natural history museums, changes in politics, collective imagination, and the ethics of dealing with colonial heritage and nature, museums are losing funding and visitors and are gradually shifting to the periphery of culture. It is shown that they find themselves in a twice contradictory position between their own anti-historical and naturalizing scientific nature and the historicity of denaturalized exhibits, between the ambiguous aesthetics, history of taxidermy and the changed moral order. Museums tried to resolve these contradictions and return to the current culture by including in the communication about the environmental agenda and the environmental reinterpretation of taxidermy exposition with the help of occasional material and discursive interventions that turn stuffed animals into allegories of extinction. This move allows them to stay within the boundaries of the natural science discourse of preservation species diversity, while simultaneously appealing to the moral sense of the visitor and influencing the collective sensibility. At the same time, it reproduces the mythologem of the "golden age", based on the opposition between nature and culture, natural and artificial. Thus, these contradictions are not completely resolved. The first possible way further are artistic interventions on the territory of the museum, in which the Museum delegates to artists the right of critical reflection on scientific ideology and power. A number of examples of such interventions are provided and analyzed. The second way are new taxidermy collections, initially created not as a result of the objectifying approach of science, but as a manifestation of systematic violence and a new nature, indifferent to the above-mentioned oppositions. Such taxidermy can become a tool for understanding the new nature in an era so aptly called the anthropocene, and a working object of posthumanistic imagery.


2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW R. GOODRUM

Historians of archaeology have noted that prehistoric stone artefacts were first identified as such during the seventeenth century, and a great deal has been written about the formulation of the idea of a Stone Age in the nineteenth century. Much less attention has been devoted to the study of prehistoric artefacts during the eighteenth century. Yet it was during this time that researchers first began systematically to collect, classify and interpret the cultural and historical meaning of these objects as archaeological specimens rather than geological specimens. These investigations were conducted within the broader context of eighteenth-century antiquarianism and natural history. As a result, they offer an opportunity to trace the interrelationships that existed between the natural sciences and the science of prehistoric archaeology, which demonstrates that geological theories of the history of the earth, ethnographic observations of ‘savage peoples’ and natural history museums all played important roles in the interpretation of prehistoric stone implements during the eighteenth century.


2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-631
Author(s):  
Evelyn R. Nimmo

In Brazil, as in most countries, history and natural history museums are the repositories of rich collections of excavated archaeological material. One of the major challenges in working with these collections is the paucity of information available regarding the original excavations, which raises important questions that archaeologists and museum studies professionals have been grappling with for several decades: what interpretive value do these collections have without any contextual information, and are they worth maintaining in museum archives that are facing continuing crises in space and resources? This article uses the concepts of entanglement and assemblage to discuss a collection of ceramics excavated from one of the first Spanish Jesuit missions in colonial Paraguay, San Ignacio Miní (1610–1631), and housed at the Museu Paranaense in Curitiba, Brazil. Despite the lack of contextual information from the 1963 excavation, we can begin to explore the entangled pasts, present, and future of these objects by tracing the trajectory of the collection from the initial formation through excavation and contemporary analysis. Innovative approaches are needed to address methodological and theoretical concerns in analyzing archaeological museum collections to ensure that the knowledge and potential insights entangled in these collections are not lost.


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