scholarly journals The Effect of Carboxymethyl Chitosan on Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Synthetic Brines

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Genaro Bolívar ◽  
Marinela Colina ◽  
Blas Delgado ◽  
Eduardo Mendizabal

Abstract. When oil production by natural flow of reservoirs decreases, it is necessary to increase the production by using improved recovery processes, such as water injection. Injection of incompatible water can cause the formation of saline deposits of calcium and magnesium carbonates. The use of chemical inhibitors to treat incrustations involves the use of chemicals with functional groups such as carboxylic acids (R-COOH) or phosphonates (R-PO32-). A new ecological scale inhibitor, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC1), has been synthesized and its capacity to modify the CaCO3 crystalline phases obtained in the solid residue was compared with that obtained when using a commercial carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC2) and a commercial poly(acrylic acid). The results show that under the used conditions, the CMC´s produce a slightly larger amount of crystalline phases than the synthetic inhibitor. Using the X-ray powder diffraction technique, calcite, vaterite, and aragonite were identified in the residual solid. The ratio of these phases was modified by increasing the concentration of the inhibitor. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), it was observed that increasing the concentration of the CMC's the modifies the crystal´s morphology from plates to spheres.   Resumen. Cuando la producción de petróleo por flujo natural disminuye, es necesario aumentar la producción de petróleo crudo y gas mediante procesos de recuperación mejorados. El agua es el líquido que se inyecta y puede provocar la formación de depósitos salinos de carbonato de calcio y magnesio. El uso de inhibidores químicos para el tratamiento de incrustaciones implica el empleo de productos químicos con grupos funcionales del tipo ácido carboxílico (R-COOH) o grupos fosfonatos (R-PO32-). Se sintetizó un nuevo inhibidor de incrustaciones ambientalmente amigable en base a carboximetilquitosano (CMC1), y se compararon las fases cristalinas de CaCO3 obtenidas en el residuo sólido con las obtenidas al utilizar un carboximetilquitosano comercial (CMC2) y un poli (ácido acrílico) comercial. Los resultados muestran que, en las condiciones utilizadas, las CMC producen una cantidad ligeramente mayor de fases cristalinas en comparación con el inhibidor sintético. Mediante la técnica de difracción de rayos X de polvos, en el sólido residual se identificaron las fases: Calcita, Vaterita y Aragonita. La relación de las fases se modificó aumentando la concentración del inhibidor. Mediante Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (SEM) de los residuos sólidos, se observó que al aumentar la concentración de las CMC's la morfología de los cristales se modificaba de placas a esferas.

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo-Adolfo Maya-Toro ◽  
Rubén-Hernán Castro-García ◽  
Zarith del Pilar Pachón-Contreras. ◽  
Jose-Francisco Zapata-Arango

Oil recovery by water injection is the most extended technology in the world for additional recovery, however, formation heterogeneity can turn it into highly inefficient and expensive by channeling injected water. This work presents a chemical option that allows controlling the channeling of important amounts of injection water in specific layers, or portions of layers, which is the main explanation for low efficiency in many secondary oil recovery processes. The core of the stages presented here is using partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) cross linked with a metallic ion (Cr+3), which, at high concentrations in the injection water (5000 – 20000 ppm), generates a rigid gel in the reservoir that forces the injected water to enter into the formation through upswept zones. The use of the stages presented here is a process that involves from experimental evaluation for the specific reservoir to the field monitoring, and going through a strict control during the well intervention, being this last step an innovation for this kind of treatments. This paper presents field cases that show positive results, besides the details of design, application and monitoring.


2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Delgadillo-Aya ◽  
M.L.. L. Trujillo-Portillo ◽  
J.M.. M. Palma-Bustamante ◽  
E.. Niz-Velasquez ◽  
C. L. Rodríguez ◽  
...  

Abstract Software tools are becoming an important ally in making decisions on the development or implementation of an enhanced oil recovery processes from the technical, financial or risk point of view. This work, can be manually developed in some cases, but becomes more efficient and precise with the help of these tools. In Ecopetrol was developed a tool to make technical and economic evaluation of enhanced oil recovery processes such as air injection, both cyclic and continuous steam injection, and steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) and hot water injection. This evaluation is performed using different types of analysis as binary screening, analogies, benchmarking, and prediction using analytical models and financial and risk analysis. All these evaluations are supported by a comprehensive review that has allowed initially find favorable conditions for different recovery methods evaluated, and get a probability of success based on this review. Subsequently, according to the method can be used different prediction methods, given an idea of the process behavior for a given period. Based on the prediction results, it is possible to feed the software to generate a financial assessment process, in line with cash flow previously developed that incorporates all the elements to be considered during the implementation of a project. This allows for greater support to the choice or not the application of a method. Finally the tool to evaluate the levels of risks that outlines the development of the project based on the existing internal methodology in the company, identifying the main and level of criticality and define actions for prevention, mitigation and risk elimination.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankaj Kumar Sinha ◽  
Shlok Jalan ◽  
Rakesh Ranjan ◽  
Rahim Masoudi

Abstract Identification of an optimal field development plan is one of the most critical decisions for oil asset management. In the new norm of low oil prices, this assumes even more relevance for mature oilfields to maximize overall recovery. In greenfield developments and oilfields in early production life, the absence of a clear roadmap detailing their future development strategy can often lead to missed opportunities and sub-optimal recovery. To bridge this gap, Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) began identifying new improved oil recovery (IOR) opportunities in mature fields and started formulating an optimal development plan in greenfields. In 2019, PETRONAS embarked on implementing the Reservoir Performance Benchmarking (RPB) tool to evaluate reservoir recovery potential with waterflood. This paper will detail the Phase-II development of this data-analytics based tool which focuses on delivering a comprehensive roadmap, which includes other recovery mechanisms such as gas injection and reservoir under primary recovery. Phase-I of RPB tool (SPE-196443) had considered water injection as a key secondary recovery process to evaluate the benchmark recovery factor for an oil reservoir. As part of Phase-II development, this has been further enhanced to evaluate field recovery potential and provide the benchmark recovery factor for primary recovery and gas injection processes. For fields under primary recovery, a comparative assessment between volumetric depletion and varying aquifer/gas-cap drive is conducted to ascertain the recovery potential. Assessment for incremental secondary recovery gains considers both gas injection and water injection scenarios in the enhanced benchmarking methodology. In addition, the benchmarking calibration methodology has also focused on incorporating additional reservoir parameters specific to each of the recovery processes for overall estimation of the benchmark value. The benchmarking tool also identifies analogue reservoirs to enable replication of best development practices and optimization of the development strategy. With the deployment of this enhanced RPB tool, a comprehensive 5-year roadmap has been developed to improve Malaysian oilfields recovery. This has enabled PETRONAS to augment its resource funnel inventory, streamline its opportunity ranking and integrate project maturation tracking with existing digital platforms of its entire portfolio. This is a novel benchmarking tool to assess reservoir potential recovery factor for primary and secondary recovery processes (both water and gas injection) along with analogue identification for replication of best development practices


Heliyon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. e06152
Author(s):  
M'barek Belattar ◽  
Abdallah Hadfi ◽  
Said Ben-Aazza ◽  
Ilham Karmal ◽  
Said Mohareb ◽  
...  

Desalination ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huchuan Wang ◽  
Yuming Zhou ◽  
Qingzhao Yao ◽  
Shuaishuai Ma ◽  
Wendao Wu ◽  
...  

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