Evaluation of Larval Medium in the Controlled Current Toxicity Test

ABSTRACT The Controlled Current Toxicity Test (CCTT) is a protocol used by the University of Georgia Black Fly Rearing and Bioassay Laboratory to evaluate the efficacy of larvicides based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) against Simulium vittatum larvae. A standard CCTT provides a larval medium with suspended organic nutrients, a sustained current, and a clean surface for black fly larval attachment in each exposure vessel. In an effort to streamline the CCTT and eliminate a potential source of variability, 3 types of larval medium were evaluated: deionized water, distilled water, and moderately hard water, which were compared to the currently used protocol. A statistical significance in mean lethal concentration (LC50) rates was observed between the CCTT (deionized water with suspended organic nutrients) medium and the other 3 experimental media. The presence of suspended organic nutrients in the CCTT significantly improved the efficacy of the Bti-based larvicide. The interaction of the suspended organic nutrient particles and the Bti-based particles in the larvicide appears to produce a mixture that is more efficiently captured and ingested by the black fly larvae than the larvicide formulation particles alone.