The Correlates of in Situ Larval Survivorship of the Threatened South American Toad Melanophryniscus montevidensis (Anura, Bufonidae)

Abstract Vilata, J., Oliva, D., and Sepúlveda, M. 2010. The predation of farmed salmon by South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) in southern Chile. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 475–482. The South American sea lion Otaria flavescens is abundant off southern Chile. Because Chilean salmon farming has experienced an explosive growth in the past two decades, interactions between O. flavescens and this industry have increased. Fieldwork, including in situ behavioural observations, was carried out at three salmon farms off southern Chile from May to July 2008. The aim was to analyse possible patterns in the interactions and to evaluate whether they were influenced by the endogenous circa-rhythms of the species, prey size, tidal flux, and the use of an acoustic harassment device (AHD). The results showed that the attacks by O. flavescens followed seasonal patterns, with salmon predated more in autumn and winter, and daily patterns, with more interactions at night. In addition, attacks were more frequent on larger salmon, suggesting the existence of a prey-size preference. More sea lions were sighted at the ebb and flow tide peaks, when currents are stronger, suggesting that currents linked to tidal flux might facilitate the access of the sea lions to the farmed salmon. Although the use of AHDs appeared positive at one site, there is a strong suspicion that their efficacy may be site-specific.

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Use of Male South American Toad in Pregnancy Test

American Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1093/ajcp/20.9_ts.888 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 20 (9_ts) ◽

pp. 888-891 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. K. Jones ◽

H. W. Jones

Keyword(s):

South American ◽

Pregnancy Test ◽

American Toad ◽

In Pregnancy

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Morphological abnormalities in natural populations of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum inhabiting fluoride-rich environments

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ◽

10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.098 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 177 ◽

pp. 32-38

Author(s):

Favio Pollo ◽

Clarisa Bionda ◽

Manuel Otero ◽

Pablo Grenat ◽

Selene Babini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Populations ◽

South American ◽

American Toad ◽

Morphological Abnormalities ◽

The Common ◽

Rhinella Arenarum

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A Multiscale Reexamination of the Pacific–South American Pattern

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/mwr-d-16-0291.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (1) ◽

pp. 379-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Terence J. O’Kane ◽

Didier P. Monselesan ◽

James S. Risbey

Keyword(s):

Time Scales ◽

Wave Train ◽

Hadley Circulation ◽

South American ◽

Tropical Forcing ◽

Tropical Variability ◽

Higher Order Modes ◽

The Pacific ◽

Total Variability

Abstract The authors undertake a multiscale spectral reexamination of the variability of the Pacific–South American (PSA) pattern and the mechanisms by which this variability occurs. Time scales from synoptic to interannual are investigated, focusing on the means by which tropical variability is communicated to the midlatitudes and on in situ forcing within the midlatitude waveguides. Particular interest is paid to what fraction of the total variability associated with the PSA, occurring on interannual time scales, is attributable to tropical forcing relative to that occurring on synoptic and intraseasonal time scales via internal waveguide dynamics. In general, it is found that the eastward-propagating wave train pattern typically associated with the PSA manifests across time scales from synoptic to interannual, with the majority of the variability occurring on synoptic-to-intraseasonal time scales largely independent of tropical convection. It is found that the small fraction of the total variance with a tropical signal occurs via the zonal component of the thermal wind modulating both the subtropical and polar jets. The respective roles of the Hadley circulation and stationary Rossby wave sources are also examined. Further, a PSA-like mode is identified in terms of the slow components of higher-order modes of tropospheric geopotential height. This study reestablishes the multiscale nonlinear nature of the PSA modes arising largely as a manifestation of internal midlatitude waveguide dynamics and local disturbances.

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Molecular analysis of the Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 in Hodgkin lymphoma from Argentina and Brazil: Identification of a distinct LMP1 deleted variant

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.21099 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽

pp. 21099-21099

Author(s):

P. Chabay ◽

R. Hassan ◽

D. Guiretti ◽

P. Valva ◽

M. Barros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Geographic Area ◽

Latent Membrane Protein 1 ◽

South American ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Molecular Identity ◽

Molecular Variant ◽

Epstein Barr ◽

New Mutations

21099 Background: Epstein Barr virus (EBV), a human oncogenic virus, has two types, EBV1 and 2, and several polymorphic markers allow individual variants to be distinguished. Variations in EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) gene could define a more oncogenic strain or reflect geographic EBV origin. By sequence analysis of C-ter, N-ter and promoter (prom) regions, 4 distinct EBV groups (A to D) have been defined. Aim: To analyze LMP1 molecular variability of two different groups of Hodgkin`s lymphoma (HL) from the same geographic area. Methods: EBV association by EBERs in situ hibridization and LMP1 immunohistochemistry was analyzed in 27 HL from Argentina (Arg) and 36 HL from Brazil (Br). EBV type was assessed by EBNA PCR. C-ter LMP1 PCR was done in all cases. Sequencing of C-ter, N-ter and prom regions was done in 16 patients. Results: 21/27 (78%) Arg HL and 31/36 (86%) Br HL were EBV1, while 6/27 (22%) and 4/36 (11%) were EBV2, respectively (p= 0.29). Coinfection was observed in 1 (3%) Br HL. LMP1 deleted (del) variant was observed in 20/27 (74%) Arg HL and 20/36 (55%) Br HL (p= 0.18), as well as in non-neoplastic controls, 4/11 and 3/10 (36 and 30%) from Arg and Br respectively. Most LMP1 del displayed high number (5–7) of 33bp repeats (86% LMP1 del Br HL and 77% LMP1 del Arg HL) compared with LMP1 wt that exhibited low number (3–4) 33bp repeats (68% LMP1 wt Br HL and 100% LMP1 wt Arg HL). Analysis of LMP1 sequences showed that: LMP1 wt C-ter regions had unmutated N-ter and prom as B95.8, A and B groups (31%), except for a case showing new mutations. LMP1 del C-ter regions showed molecular identity with C group, but they showed new, undescribed mutations in prom and N-ter (63%). Conclusions: We found high frequency of LMP1 del variants in HL from Argentina and Brazil, which was associated with high number of 33bp repeats in C-ter region. This suggests a role for this variant in lymphomagenesis. A new molecular variant with characteristic promoter and N-ter mutations was identified in LMP1 del cases, which could be proposed as a regional South American variant. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Catecholamines and methyltransferases in the South American toad (Bufo marinus)

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ◽

10.1016/0006-3002(62)91028-4 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 367-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Fritz Märki ◽

Julius Axelrod ◽

Bernhard Witkop

Keyword(s):

Bufo Marinus ◽

South American ◽

The South ◽

American Toad ◽

Toad Bufo

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Weak genetic divergence between the two South American toad-headed turtles Mesoclemmys dahli and M. zuliae (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae)

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/15685381-00002840 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (3-4) ◽

pp. 373-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mario Vargas-Ramírez ◽

Jan Michels ◽

Olga Victoria Castaño-Mora ◽

Gladys Cárdenas-Arevalo ◽

Natalia Gallego-García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Habitat Preferences ◽

Divergence Time ◽

South American ◽

Mitochondrial Cytochrome ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Turtle Species ◽

American Toad ◽

Distribution Ranges ◽

Mountain Chain ◽

Relaxed Molecular Clock

Mesoclemmys dahli and M. zuliae are two endangered, little-known toad-headed turtles with small distribution ranges in Colombia and Venezuela, respectively. Using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene as a marker, we investigate their phylogeographic differentiation. Furthermore, based on 2341 bp of mtDNA and 2109 bp of nDNA of M. dahli, M. zuliae and allied chelid turtles, we infer their divergence time using a fossil-calibrated relaxed molecular clock approach. Mesoclemmys dahli and M. zuliae are closely related species, with an estimated mean divergence time of 10.6 million years. This estimate correlates with the uplift of the Serranía de Perijá, an Andean mountain chain separating their distribution ranges, suggesting that this event could have caused the evolution of the two species. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities of M. dahli are markedly higher than in Podocnemis lewyana, another endemic turtle species of Colombia. This pronounced dissimilarity may reflect differences in the phylogeographies and demographic histories of the two species, but also different habitat preferences.

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