scholarly journals People's Republic of China Legal Update - The Notice on the Prevention of Online Gaming Addiction in Juveniles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Y. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Online Gaming ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Gaming Addiction ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Verification Process ◽  
Public Holidays ◽  
Age Range

Final publication is available from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/glr2.2019.0002The General Administration of Press and Publication of the People’s Republic of China published the Notice on the Prevention of Online Gaming Addiction in Juveniles (the ‘Notice’) on 25 October 2019. The Notice imposes new legal obligations on online gaming service providers in order to ensure the protection of juveniles from online gaming addiction. ‘Juveniles’ are defined by Section 7 of the Notice as citizens of the People’s Republic of China under the age of 18. The Notice has been effective since 1 November 2019.The legal burdens imposed can be summarised as follows: (i), an obligation to verify the identity of all users using their unique national identity number (only this obligation is uniquely imposed also in relation to adult users, as the verification process is necessary to determine whether the user is an adult or a juvenile for the purposes of the other obligations imposed); (ii), a shutdown law imposed as an obligation to stop providing online gaming services to juveniles between 22:00 and 8:00 the next morning; (iii), maximum gameplay time limits imposed as an obligation to stop providing online gaming services to juveniles after 3 hours on public holidays (including weekends) and 1.5 on other days; (iv), maximum in-game spending limits imposed as an obligation not to provide paid services beyond a certain monetary limit (or not at all) depending on the age range of the juvenile user in question.

Immigrant Families’ Expectations of Early Childhood

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjory Ebbeck ◽  
Anne Glover
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Teachers ◽  
Immigrant Families ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Educational Expectations ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Age Range

This paper presents some of the findings of a study which examined the views of 101 South Australian immigrant families concerning their educational expectations for their children who are in the age range of birth to 8 years. These families came from Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, the People's Republic of China, and the Philippines. Likewise, the views of 100 early childhood teachers working in early childhood centres were examined in relation to their educational expectations for the children of immigrant families. A comparison of the findings is presented in this paper, noting the commonalities and differences between parents and teachers to seven questions about their expectations of preschool education.

Getting Personal

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-356
Author(s):  
Jurian van der Pas
Keyword(s):  
Direct Action ◽  
Company Law ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Grey Area ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
The Law ◽  
Procedural Guidance ◽  
Personal Liability

Pursuant to article 149 Company Law of the People’s Republic of China 2013 (clc), directors will be liable for the damages of the company if their actions violate the law, administrative regulations, or the company’s statutes. According to article 152 clc, directors will also face liability towards the company’s shareholders in case of a violating action that caused direct damages to the shareholders. Unfortunately, however, these provisions and their corresponding legal obligations are general and offer no procedural guidance, nor do they elaborate on the scope and extent of the directors’ personal liability. Furthermore, it is by and large ambiguous what the directors’ responsibilities are towards the creditors of the company. This article discusses this grey area of the clc by critically comparing it with the Dutch system of directors’ liability. Upon analysis, the author proposes to introduce a standard of fault in China to determine the scope and extent of the directors’ personal liability. In addition, the author argues that China should provide the company’s creditors with a direct action against the directors for compensation of their real damages.

scholarly journals People’s Republic of China Legal Update: The Notice on Further Strictly Regulating and Effectively Preventing Online Video Gaming Addiction in Minors (Published August 30, 2021, Effective September 1, 2021)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Y. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Video Gaming ◽  
Online Video ◽  
Gaming Addiction ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Gaming Industry ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Regulatory Development ◽  
Online Video Games

The National Press and Publication Administration (NPPA) of the People’s Republic of China published the Notice on Further Strictly Regulating and Effectively Preventing Online Video Gaming Addiction in Minors (the “2021 Notice”) on August 30, 2021. The 2021 Notice becomes effective on September 1, 2021. The 2021 Notice updates (and, where incompatible, supersedes) the older regulatory requirements set out by the NPPA in the Notice on the Prevention of Online Gaming Addiction in Juveniles (the “2019 Notice”) published nearly two years ago on 25 October 2019, which was translated and discussed by Xiao at 24 GAMING LAW REV. 51–53. The two Notices regulate video gaming in China and restrict minors’ (defined as people under the age of 18) access to online video games. This International Gaming Industry Update comparesthe old and new regulatory positions and comments on the implications of this regulatory development in China.

scholarly journals People’s Republic of China Legal Update: Supreme People’s Court’s Guiding Opinion on Refund Requests Relating to Unauthorised Online Video Gaming Transactions Paid for by Minors (Published 15 May 2020)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Y. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Video Gaming ◽  
Online Video ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Online Video Games

The Supreme People’s Court (SPC) of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) promulgated its Guiding Opinion on Several Issues Concerning the Lawful and Proper Handling of Civil Cases Involving the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) Epidemic No. 2 (hereinafter, the ‘Guiding Opinion’) on 15 May 2020. Paragraph 9 of the Guiding Opinion declares that: ‘If a person with “limited capacity for civil conduct,” without the consent of their guardian, engages with paid online video games [e.g., purchases a video game software or makes in-game purchases through microtransactions], or “donates” to content creators or makes other similar payments on livestreaming platforms, to such a sum which is “incompatible with their age and intellectual abilities,” the courts shall support claims from their guardians demanding refund from the internet service providers [e.g., the game company or the livestreaming platform] for such payments.’

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