Principle of 6G Wireless Networks: Vision, Challenges and Applications

The 5G mobile communication has now become commercially available. Furthermore, research across the globe has begun to improve the system beyond 5G and it is anticipated that 6G will deliver higher quality services and energy efficiency than 5G. The mobile network architecture needs to be redesigned to meet the requirements of the future. In the wake of the commercial rollout of the 5G model, both users and developers have realized the limitations of the system when compared to the system's original premise of being able to support the vast applications of connected devices. The article discusses the related technologies that can contribute to a robust and seamless network service. An upheaval in the use of vast mobile applications, especially those powered and managed by AI, has opened the doors to discussion on how mobile communication will evolve in the future. 6G is expected to go beyond being merely a mobile internet service provider to support the omnipresent AI services that will form the rock bed of end-to-end connected network-based devices. Moreover, the technologies that support 6G services and comprehensive research that enables this level of technical prowess have also been identified here. This paper presents a collective wide-angle vision that will facilitate a better understanding of the features of the 6G system.

Preparing Business Education Teachers for Effective Implementation of Student-Centred Learning Strategies in the E- World

This paper highlights preparing business education teachers for effective implementation of student-centred learning strategies in the e- world. The paper defines terminologies such as Student-centred learning, e-learning and the need for linking ICT to education policies. It examines the world links program with student-centered teaching and learning web sites as well as discusses main characteristics of student-centered strategies and its popular types. It further discusses learning situations in the field of business education, teacher's role in student-centred strategies with implication of using student-centred strategies in Nigeria business education programme and analysis of threats to student-centred strategies. The paper concludes by making recommendation on the way forward among which Teacher should encourage student interaction in utilizing e-libraries or e-world at large in class participations. Institutions should encourage teachers in using student-centre strategies by sending them to seminal, conference/ workshop that base on this purpose. And institution should make available internet service 24/7 with power supply in the schools and staff quarters.

Exploring the Measurement Lab Open Dataset for Internet Performance Evaluation: The German Internet Landscape

The Measurement Lab (MLab) provides a large and open collection of Internet performance measurements. We make use of it to look at the state of the German Internet by a structured analysis, in which we carve out expressive results from the dataset to identify busy hours and days, the impact of server locations and congestion control protocols, and compare Internet service providers. Moreover, we examine the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown in Germany. We observe that only parts of the Internet show a performance degradation at the beginning of the lockdown and that a large impact in performance depends on the network the servers are located in. Furthermore, the evolution of congestion control algorithms is reflected by performance improvements. For our analysis, we focus on the busy hours. From the end-user perspective, this time is of most interest to identify if the network can support challenging services such as video streaming or cloud gaming at these intervals.

A Contract Service Provider Model for Virtual Assets

With the recent rise in the cost of transactions on blockchain platforms, there is a need to explore other service models that may provide a more predictable cost to customers and end-users. We discuss the Contract Service Provider (CSP) model as a counterpart of the successful Internet Service Provider (ISP) model. Similar to the ISP business model based on peered routing-networks, the CSP business model is based on multiple CSP entities forming a CSP Community or group offering a contract service for specific types of virtual assets. We discuss the contract domain construct which encapsulates well-defined smart contract primitives, policies and contract-ledger. We offer a number of design principles borrowed from the design principles of the Internet architecture.

The effectiveness of using distance learning in light of the Corona pandemic from the point of view of the principals of Irbid schools: فاعلية استخدام التَعليم عَن بُعد في ظل جائحة كورونا في مدارس محافظة إربد من وجهة نظر مدراء المدارس

This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of using distance learning in light of the Corona pandemic from the point of view of the principals of Irbid schools. A paragraph divided into three areas: 1) Continuity of using distance education in light of the Corona pandemic. 2) Obstacles to using distance education in light of the Corona pandemic. 3) The desired level of distance education. The results of the study came in varying degrees: medium, high The results of the study also showed the effectiveness of the use of distance education in light of the Corona pandemic to a high degree, and the reason is that the Ministry of Education relied on the infrastructure well. Also, the continuity of the distance education process in light of the Corona pandemic came to a high degree, due to the Ministry of Education’s adoption of advance and reliable software, and the focus of teachers on social media. Moreover, the obstacles to using distance education in light of the Corona pandemic came to a high degree due to the lack of pre- prepared educational software Also, the hoped- for level of distance education in light of the Corona pandemic in the schools of Irbid Governorate ranged between a medium degree and a high degree. This result is attributed to some teachers who do not have the ability to control students’ implementation of the tests, and the interaction of teachers and students is governed by the continuous availability of Internet service. The study recommended the need to take into account the abilities and characteristics of students, the capabilities of parents and their educational level before preparing and implementing any distance education study plans, and the need to direct the departments of the Ministry of Education to the importance of developing a plan to train teachers on the distance education system in terms of the techniques used, communication tools, and their importance in This system.

An Optimization-Based Orchestrator for Resource Access and Operation Management in Sliced 5G Core Networks

Network slicing is a promising technology that network operators can deploy the services by slices with heterogeneous quality of service (QoS) requirements. However, an orchestrator for network operation with efficient slice resource provisioning algorithms is essential. This work stands on Internet service provider (ISP) to design an orchestrator analyzing the critical influencing factors, namely access control, scheduling, and resource migration, to systematically evolve a sustainable network. The scalability and flexibility of resources are jointly considered. The resource management problem is formulated as a mixed-integer programming (MIP) problem. A solution approach based on Lagrangian relaxation (LR) is proposed for the orchestrator to make decisions to satisfy the high QoS applications. It can investigate the resources required for access control within a cost-efficient resource pool and consider allocating or migrating resources efficiently in each network slice. For high system utilization, the proposed mechanisms are modeled in a pay-as-you-go manner. Furthermore, the experiment results show that the proposed strategies perform the near-optimal system revenue to meet the QoS requirement by making decisions.

A Study of Online Tourism Services in Iran

Given the fact that tourism is an important sector of many national economies, it is very essential to examine the factors which can help develop successful and smart tourism experiences. The importance of developing tourism destinations through smart technologies as a strategic tool to develop tourism has persuaded many countries to explore the implementation of these destinations, their models, components, and policies. The present study proposed a model for developing online tourism services in smart tourism destinations. The model was analyzed via structural equation modeling using SPSS (version 20) and Lisrel (version 8.8). The data analysis identified 21 components in six major dimensions which can affect smart tourism development: online content quality, access to interactive online services, end-user internet service, demand for online services, the utilization rate of location-based services, and level of online services. The identified factors can help researchers gain a better understanding of the factors affecting the development of smart destinations and recognize their importance and their degree of influence and power. It is recommended that more attention be paid to improving the quality of services provided to tourists for developing smart destinations.

Analysis of Distribution Patterns in Mapping Cirebon Internet Service Facilities Using NNA Algorithm Based on Geographic Information Systems

Cirebon city moves continually to become Smart City by making technology to public service. One form of technology to public service to is by providing internet facilities for public or for community. Currently there are several internet facility services for public, but these services are only available at certain location points and are not spread evenly. Apart from that, the government has difficulty in determining the right location points to serve as public internet service facilities. The purpose of this research is to analyze the pattern of distribution of internet facilities location points so that they can be mapped digitally using Geographic Information Systems. In this research, the data used were 49 object data points for location of internet facilities in Cirebon. Furthermore, the data will be analyzed using the Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA) method to determine the distribution pattern of internet facility location points. Based on the resulting distribution pattern, it can be implemented into digital mapping using Geographic Information Systems. So the Geographic Information System can help the government in making decisions, and for the public to find out the location points of internet facilities in Cirebon.

ElasticWISP: Energy-Proportional WISP Backhaul Networks

<p>The provision of rural broadband infrastructure is a challenge for network operators across the globe, irrespective of their size. Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) have shown that the small-scale deployment of wireless broadband infrastructure is a viable alternative to relying on cellular network providers for remote coverage. However, WISPs must often resort to using off-grid renewable energy sources such as solar energy for powering network sites, often resulting in undesirable, low-performance backhaul radios being used between sites out of concern for excessive energy consumption. The challenges of managing performant wireless backhaul networks in respect to energy constraints at remote, off-grid sites informs the need for energy-proportional design. Backhaul radios typically used by WISPs are not energy-proportional, meaning they use a consistent amount of energy, irrespective of wireless link utilisation. Using data from a real WISP network, diurnal traffic patterns show that WISP networks could benefit from energy-proportional design, without having to sacrifice performance. To encourage the development of high-performance, energy-proportional WISP backhaul networks, ElasticWISP, an optimisation architecture that reduces network-wide backhaul energy consumption while satisfying the user-demand for traffic, is introduced. ElasticWISP dynamically controls the configuration of backhaul radios based on bandwidth demands and the network-wide energy consumption of these radios. Through simulations driven by real WISP topology and data traffic, results show that ElasticWISP can offer energy savings of approximately 65% when WISP operators follow the proposed backhaul design methodology. Finally, a lightweight Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)-based traffic engineering scheme, based on Segment Routing, is proposed. The implementation, named Segment Routing over MPLS (SR-MPLS), keeps traffic engineering path-state within each packet, meaning per-flow state is only held at SR-MPLS ingress routers. The lightweight approach of SR-MPLS also eliminates the otherwise necessary network-wide label flooding of traditional Segment Routing, making it ideal for bandwidth-sensitive wireless backhaul networks. Evaluation of SR-MPLS shows that it can perform as well as – and sometimes better than – competitor schemes.</p>

ElasticWISP: Energy-Proportional WISP Backhaul Networks

<p>The provision of rural broadband infrastructure is a challenge for network operators across the globe, irrespective of their size. Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) have shown that the small-scale deployment of wireless broadband infrastructure is a viable alternative to relying on cellular network providers for remote coverage. However, WISPs must often resort to using off-grid renewable energy sources such as solar energy for powering network sites, often resulting in undesirable, low-performance backhaul radios being used between sites out of concern for excessive energy consumption. The challenges of managing performant wireless backhaul networks in respect to energy constraints at remote, off-grid sites informs the need for energy-proportional design. Backhaul radios typically used by WISPs are not energy-proportional, meaning they use a consistent amount of energy, irrespective of wireless link utilisation. Using data from a real WISP network, diurnal traffic patterns show that WISP networks could benefit from energy-proportional design, without having to sacrifice performance. To encourage the development of high-performance, energy-proportional WISP backhaul networks, ElasticWISP, an optimisation architecture that reduces network-wide backhaul energy consumption while satisfying the user-demand for traffic, is introduced. ElasticWISP dynamically controls the configuration of backhaul radios based on bandwidth demands and the network-wide energy consumption of these radios. Through simulations driven by real WISP topology and data traffic, results show that ElasticWISP can offer energy savings of approximately 65% when WISP operators follow the proposed backhaul design methodology. Finally, a lightweight Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)-based traffic engineering scheme, based on Segment Routing, is proposed. The implementation, named Segment Routing over MPLS (SR-MPLS), keeps traffic engineering path-state within each packet, meaning per-flow state is only held at SR-MPLS ingress routers. The lightweight approach of SR-MPLS also eliminates the otherwise necessary network-wide label flooding of traditional Segment Routing, making it ideal for bandwidth-sensitive wireless backhaul networks. Evaluation of SR-MPLS shows that it can perform as well as – and sometimes better than – competitor schemes.</p>