scholarly journals The extralist feature effect revisited: A challenge for global matching models of recognition memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Osth ◽  
Aspen Zhou ◽  
Simon Lilburn ◽  
Daniel R. Little
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Study List ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Ballistic Accumulator ◽  
Global Matching ◽  
Retrieval Mechanism ◽  
Matching Models

Models of episodic memory propose that recognition memory operates via a process of global matching. Mewhort and Johns (2000) directly tested this retrieval mechanism by manipulating the feature composition of studied items and test probes using combinations of various colors and shapes. They found that rejection of unstudied probes was greatly facilitated when the probe contained features not on the study list even when the other features were of the probe were strongly represented on the list, an advantage dubbed the extralist feature effect. In this work, we explore the boundary conditions of the extralist feature effect by constructing experiments with continuous dimension stimuli using bothintegral (Experiment 1) and separable-dimension (Experiment 2) stimuli. An extralist feature effect was only found in Experiment 2. Experiment 1’s results were well described by the exemplar-based linear ballistic accumulator (EB-LBA) model, but the model was unable to explain the results in Experiment 2. We explored EB-LBA variants that allowed for decision making to be based on feature dimensions rather than the entire stimulus – these variants predicted extralist feature advantages but performed poorly otherwise. We additionally explored models that allowed for extra attention to be devoted to the dimension that contains the extralist feature. While these models performed best, it is unclear how attention could be directed in this fashion.

Expert knowledge and decision-making in controversy contexts

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Limoges
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Collective Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current View ◽  
Public Controversy ◽  
Decision Making Processes

There was a time when the mobilization of experts was a taken-for-granted, unproblematic aspect of decision-making processes. That confidence has vanished. Ascertaining the significance of expertise now requires a reconsideration of the dynamics of controversies. The current view still assimilates controversy to the medieval exercise of the disputatio in which two parties argue one against the other. A non-reductionist view is needed to take fully into account the diversity of worlds of relevance involved in the dynamics of any public controversy. Only then is it possible to understand how decision making is predicated upon associations of worlds of relevance, and how expertise is actually a collective learning process which sets the boundary conditions for the efficacy of individual experts.

scholarly journals Global matching models of recognition memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam F Osth ◽  
Simon Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
List Strength ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Global Matching ◽  
List Strength Effect ◽  
Matching Models ◽  
Global Similarity ◽  
Strength Effect

How does retrieval take place in recognition memory? A number of computational models have been developed that posit that recognition operates by a process of global matching, wherein the cue is compared to each stored memory. These cue-to-memory similarities are then aggregated to produce an index of the global similarity between the cue and the contents of memory which can then be subjected to a decision process. In this chapter, we describe a.) the theoretical rationale and successes of such models, such as their accounts of similarity and list-length effects and generalization to multiple memory tasks, b.) challenges and hurdles they have experienced, including the null list-strength effect, the mirror effect, and the extralist feature effect, and c.) recent developments, such as extensions to predictions about response latency, sources of interference outside of the study list, and integration of more realistic representations.

The influence of melodic and rhythmic redundancies on recognition memory for unknown musical themes

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Nardo ◽  
Riccardo Brunetti ◽  
Enrico Cupellini ◽  
Marta Olivetti Belardinelli
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Study List ◽  
Test List ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
Tonal Stimuli ◽  
K Response

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of melodic and rhythmic redundancies, and their interaction with tonality, on recognition memory for music. Forty-four non-musicians performed a recognition task with unknown musical material. Stimuli created for experimental purposes were made up of 48 short melodies (half tonal and half non-tonal) and were characterized by the presence of three kinds of musical redundancy: melodic only, rhythmic only, or both melodicrhythmic. In a first phase, subjects listened to a study list of 24 stimuli. After 20 minutes, a test list containing 48 stimuli (24 previously heard and 24 novel ones) was administered, and subjects were asked to indicate for each item whether the melody: was recognized from the study list (R response); evoked a sense of familiarity (K response); or was not recognized at all (X response). Major results showed that tonality influences semantic, but not episodic memory, and that the two systems are differentially affected by the type of redundancy (especially melodic-rhythmic, which has a large effect on episodic memory but is ineffective for semantic memory). Moreover, tonality and the type of redundancy systematically interact only in the episodic memory system. Thus, evidence supports disassociation of the two memory systems. Furthermore, R and X responses showed a symmetry in their trend, suggesting a role for X responses as counterparts of the R responses within the episodic memory system. Melodic-rhythmic redundancy demonstrated the most prominent effects on the episodic system, whereas the assessment comparing melodic versus rhythmic only as the pre-eminent type of redundancy was more ambiguous. Finally, non-tonal stimuli were found to be more sensitive than tonal stimuli, whereby they showed differential effectiveness regarding redundancy type, a result which suggests that they could prove serviceable in future studies concerning recognition memory for music.

scholarly journals Sources of Interference in Memory across Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyungwook Yim ◽  
Adam F Osth ◽  
Vladimir Sloutsky ◽  
Simon Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Study List ◽  
List Length ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Memory Development ◽  
List Strength ◽  
Different Sources

Episodic memory involves remembering not only what happened but also where and when the event happened. This multi-component nature introduces different sources of interference which stem from previous experience. However, it is unclear how different interferences change across development and what may cause the changes. To address these questions, we tested 4-5-year-olds (N = 103), 7-8-year-olds (N = 82), and adults (N = 70) using item and source recognition memory tasks with various manipulations (i.e., list-length, list-strength, and word-frequency), and decomposed sources of interference using a computational model. We find that interference stemming from other items on the study-list rapidly decreases with development, whereas interference from pre-experimental contexts gradually decreases but remains the major source of interference. The model further quantifies these changes indicating that the ability to discriminate items undergoes relatively rapid development, whereas the ability to discriminate contexts undergo protracted development. These results elucidate fundamental aspects of memory development.

A Bird in the Hand Isn’t Good for Long

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Scherbaum ◽  
Simon Frisch ◽  
Maja Dshemuchadse
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Folk Wisdom ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Folk wisdom tells us that additional time to make a decision helps us to refrain from the first impulse to take the bird in the hand. However, the question why the time to decide plays an important role is still unanswered. Here we distinguish two explanations, one based on a bias in value accumulation that has to be overcome with time, the other based on cognitive control processes that need time to set in. In an intertemporal decision task, we use mouse tracking to study participants’ responses to options’ values and delays which were presented sequentially. We find that the information about options’ delays does indeed lead to an immediate bias that is controlled afterwards, matching the prediction of control processes needed to counter initial impulses. Hence, by using a dynamic measure, we provide insight into the processes underlying short-term oriented choices in intertemporal decision making.

Mental Contrasting of Future and Reality

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Oettingen ◽  
Doris Mayer ◽  
Babette Brinkmann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Brief Intervention ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metacognitive Strategy ◽  
Mental Contrasting ◽  
Low Expectations

Mental contrasting of a desired future with present reality leads to expectancy-dependent goal commitments, whereas focusing on the desired future only makes people commit to goals regardless of their high or low expectations for success. In the present brief intervention we randomly assigned middle-level managers (N = 52) to two conditions. Participants in one condition were taught to use mental contrasting regarding their everyday concerns, while participants in the other condition were taught to indulge. Two weeks later, participants in the mental-contrasting condition reported to have fared better in managing their time and decision making during everyday life than those in the indulging condition. By helping people to set expectancy-dependent goals, teaching the metacognitive strategy of mental contrasting can be a cost- and time-effective tool to help people manage the demands of their everyday life.

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