Literature Review: Physical Activity Pattern and Depression During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Adolescents

The spread of Covid-19 cases throughout the world, including Indonesia, has caused regional governments to issue regional implementation policies. This directly affects people's behavior, especially in physical activity. Lack of physical activity and limited activities outside the home also cause depression in society. This literature review begins with topic selection, selecting keywords to searching for journal references. The basic data used include Google Schoolar, Sinta and Pubmed. The keywords used are physical activity, the covid-19 pandemic, behavior, adolescents and adults, and depression. This study searches a reference study list that includes 3,060 studies retrieved via search engines. A total of 25 articles were included in and 10 articles were included in the discussion. The results of this study are that the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the pattern of people's activities and the combination of physical activity and social activity causes symptoms of depression in the community.Keywords: Covid-19, Physical Activity, Depression

Difficulties in Developing the Diagnostic Competence of Nursing Students At My Youssef Hospital in Casablanca: Descriptive Study

This descriptive research aims atidentifying the difficulties encountered by nursing students in the development of nursing diagnostic skills. The data collection was carried out using a direct questionnaire with 62 students in My Youssef’s hospital in Casablanca. The results of the study list a set of failures related to the training of nurses. This training focuses mainly on the acquisition of knowledge; it is not aimed to the development of the real skill.

Testing a Strategy-Disruption Account of the List-Strength Effect

Presenting items multiple times on a study list increases their memorability, a process known as item strengthening. The list-strength effect (LSE) refers to the finding that, compared to unstrengthened (pure) lists, lists for which a subset of the items have been strengthened produce enhanced memory for the strengthened items and depressed memory for the unstrengthened items. Although the LSE is found in free recall ( Tulving & Hastie, 1972 ), it does not occur in recognition ( Ratcliff et al., 1990 ). In free recall, the LSE in mixed lists is attributed to a sampling bias promoting priority recall of strong items and consequent output interference affecting weak items. We suggest that, in recognition, the disruption of this pattern through the randomization of test probes is responsible for the null LSE. We present several pilot experiments consistent with this account; however, the registered experiment, which had more statistical power, did not support this account.

Sources of Interference in Memory across Development

Episodic memory involves remembering not only what happened but also where and when the event happened. This multi-component nature introduces different sources of interference which stem from previous experience. However, it is unclear how different interferences change across development and what may cause the changes. To address these questions, we tested 4-5-year-olds (N = 103), 7-8-year-olds (N = 82), and adults (N = 70) using item and source recognition memory tasks with various manipulations (i.e., list-length, list-strength, and word-frequency), and decomposed sources of interference using a computational model. We find that interference stemming from other items on the study-list rapidly decreases with development, whereas interference from pre-experimental contexts gradually decreases but remains the major source of interference. The model further quantifies these changes indicating that the ability to discriminate items undergoes relatively rapid development, whereas the ability to discriminate contexts undergo protracted development. These results elucidate fundamental aspects of memory development.

Altering the flow of mental time: A test of retrieved-context theory

The flexibility and power of the human memory system are exemplified by its ability to create associations between temporally discontiguous events. Retrieved-context theory proposes that these associations are mediated by indirect associations binding the neural representation of each study event to a temporally sensitive contextual representation, which is used as a retrieval cue during memory search. When past states of this contextual representation are reactivated, this gives rise to temporal organization in recall sequences. Previous empirical and simulation work has established that temporal organization is insensitive to the temporal scale of the study experience: Adding substantial periods of inter-item distraction to a study list does not affect the temporal organization of memories for that list. However, this previous work has only examined experiments in which all periods of inter-item distraction in a study list are increased or decreased by an equivalent amount. Here, we demonstrate and test a previously unexamined prediction of retrieved-context theory: The scale-insensitivity of temporal organization is conditional on how temporal structure is manipulated. Specifically, we show that temporal organization is dependent on the relative duration of the temporal intervals surrounding a study event, in a way predicted by retrieved-context theory. Using Bayesian estimation techniques, we demonstrate that the ability of a model to predict the order of responses in free recall is substantially improved when the duration of inter-item distraction intervals influences the representational structure of temporal context. We contrast the predictions of our retrieved-context model with those of an influential model of temporal distinctiveness.

The extralist feature effect revisited: A challenge for global matching models of recognition memory

Models of episodic memory propose that recognition memory operates via a process of global matching. Mewhort and Johns (2000) directly tested this retrieval mechanism by manipulating the feature composition of studied items and test probes using combinations of various colors and shapes. They found that rejection of unstudied probes was greatly facilitated when the probe contained features not on the study list even when the other features were of the probe were strongly represented on the list, an advantage dubbed the extralist feature effect. In this work, we explore the boundary conditions of the extralist feature effect by constructing experiments with continuous dimension stimuli using bothintegral (Experiment 1) and separable-dimension (Experiment 2) stimuli. An extralist feature effect was only found in Experiment 2. Experiment 1’s results were well described by the exemplar-based linear ballistic accumulator (EB-LBA) model, but the model was unable to explain the results in Experiment 2. We explored EB-LBA variants that allowed for decision making to be based on feature dimensions rather than the entire stimulus – these variants predicted extralist feature advantages but performed poorly otherwise. We additionally explored models that allowed for extra attention to be devoted to the dimension that contains the extralist feature. While these models performed best, it is unclear how attention could be directed in this fashion.

Are associations formed across word pairs? A test of learning by temporal contiguity in associative recognition

In models such as the search of associative memory (SAM: Gillund & Shiffrin, 1984) model, associations in paired associate tasks are only formed between the pair of to-be-remembered items. The temporal context model (TCM: Howard & Kahana, 2002) deviates from SAM by positing that long range associations are formed between the current item and all previously presented items, even in paired associate tasks, where cross-pair associations are formed in addition to within-pair associations (Davis, Geller, Rizzuto, & Kahana, 2002). We tested this proposal in an associative recognition task by constructing rearranged pairs where the distance in within-list serial position between the two pair members was manipulated between one and five pairs. Models such as TCM predict that FAR should be highest for rearranged pairs that are constructed from pair members that were adjacent to each other on the study list, while models such as SAM predict that FAR should be equal for rearranged pairs regardless of whether they're constructed from adjacent or remote pairs. Results from our experiment and from three archival datasets found that FAR for rearranged pairs did not depend on whether the constituent items came from nearby or remote pairs, suggesting that participants were not forming associations across pairs of items in the task.

Failure to Produce False Memories Through the Stimulus Equivalence Paradigm

Stimulus equivalence has been adopted as a behavioral explanation for false memories. The present study aimed to test false memories using lists compound of equivalent stimuli. 10 undergraduate students learned three 4-member (Classes 1, 2, 3) and three 12-member equivalence classes (Classes 4, 5, 6). A week later these participants performed a recognition test. Participants first saw a study list comprising 10 of the 12 stimuli from Classes 4, 5 and 6. Later, they saw a list comprising all stimuli from study list (targets), the remaining stimuli from the Classes 4, 5 and 6 (critical lures) and nine stimuli from Classes 1, 2 and 3 (non-related lures). Due to the equivalence relation between targets and critical lure, it was expected that the second would be recognize as much as the first, but results indicated critical and non-related lures where equally recognized and at low levels.