scholarly journals Educational Inequalities in Self-Rated Health across US States and European Countries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Präg ◽  
SV Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Us States ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Vast Variation

The US shows a distinct health disadvantage when compared to other high-income nations. A potential lever to reduce this disadvantage is to improve the health situation of lower socioeconomic groups. Our objective is to explore how the considerable within-US variation in health inequalities compares to the health inequalities across other Western countries. Methods: Representative survey data from 44 European countries and the US federal states were obtained from the fourth wave of the European Values Study (EVS) and the 2008 wave of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Using binary logistic regression, we analyze different forms of educational inequalities in self-rated health (SRH), adjusted for age and sex. Results: The extent of educational inequalities in SRH varies considerably over European countries and US states; with US states in general showing greater inequality, however, differences between US states and European countries are less clear than commonly assumed. Conclusions: The US has considerable differences in educational inequalities in SRH across geographic locations. To understand the reasons for the US health disadvantage, comparative research has to take into account the vast variation in health inequalities within the US.

scholarly journals Educational Inequalities in Self-Rated Health across US States and European Countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Präg ◽  
SV Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Us States ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Vast Variation

The US show a distinct health disadvantage when compared to other high-income nations. A potential lever to reduce this disadvantage is to improve the health situation of lower socioeconomic groups. Our objective is to explore how the considerable within-US variation in health inequalities compares to the health inequalities across other Western countries. Representative survey data from 45 European countries and the US federal states were obtained from the fourth wave of the European Values Study (EVS, 2008) and the 2008 wave of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Using binary logistic regression, we analyze different forms of educational inequalities in self-rated health (SRH), adjusted for age and sex. The extent of educational inequalities in SRH varies considerably over European countries and US states; with US states in general showing greater inequality, however differences between US states and European countries are less clear than commonly assumed. The US have considerable differences in educational inequalities in SRH across geographic locations. To understand the reasons for the US health disadvantage, comparative research has to take into account the vast variation in health inequalities within the US.

scholarly journals Widespread and widely widening? Examining absolute socioeconomic health inequalities in northern Sweden across twelve health indicators

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinza Degerlund Maldi ◽  
Miguel San Sebastian ◽  
Per E. Gustafsson ◽  
Frida Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Socioeconomic Health Inequalities

Abstract Background Socioeconomic inequalities in health is a widely studied topic. However, epidemiological research tends to focus on one or a few outcomes conditioned on one indicator, overlooking the fact that health inequalities can vary depending on the outcome studied and the indicator used. To bridge this gap, this study aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the patterns of socioeconomic health inequalities in Northern Sweden over time, across a range of health outcomes, using an ‘outcome-wide’ epidemiological approach. Method Cross-sectional data from three waves of the ‘Health on Equal Terms’ survey, distributed in 2006, 2010 and 2014 were used. Firstly, socioeconomic inequalities by income and education for twelve outcomes (self-rated health, self-rated dental health, overweight, hypertension, diabetes, long-term illness, stress, depression, psychological distress, smoking, risky alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity) were examined by calculating the Slope Index of Inequality. Secondly, time trends for each outcome and socioeconomic indicator were estimated. Results Income inequalities increased for psychological distress and physical inactivity in men as well as for self-rated health, overweight, hypertension, long-term illness, and smoking among women. Educational inequalities increased for hypertension, long-term illness, and stress (the latter favouring lower education) in women. The only instance of decreasing income inequalities was seen for long-term illness in men, while education inequalities decreased for long-term illness in men and poor self-rated health, poor self-rated dental health, and smoking in women. Conclusion Patterns of absolute socioeconomic inequalities in health vary by health and socioeconomic indicator, as well as between men and women. Overall, trends appear more stagnant in men while they fluctuate in women. Income inequalities seem to be generally greater than educational inequalities when looking across several different health indicators, a message that can only be derived from this type of outcome-wide study. These disparate findings suggest that generalised and universal statements about the development of health inequalities can be too simplistic and potentially misleading. Nonetheless, despite inequalities being complex, they do exist and tend to increase. Thus, an outcome-wide approach is a valuable method which should be utilised to generate evidence for prioritisations of policy decisions.

Contemporary Dimensions of Criminal Disenfranchisement

2018 ◽  
pp. 32-45
Author(s):  
Milena Tripkovic
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Criminal Offending ◽  
Criminal Offenders ◽  
Us States ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference

This chapter examines European disenfranchisement policies, aiming to uncover their characteristics and use them as models for the normative discussion. It considers the legislation in 43 European countries along four dimensions: the prevalence of restrictions; dominant notions of “disenfranchise-able” offender; extent of restrictions; and timing, length, and manner of imposition of restrictions. The analysis uncovers a great deal of diversity across Europe: while the rights of many criminal offenders remain intact, most countries nevertheless believe that some instances of criminal offending warrant restrictions. The chapter finds that three-quarters of European countries impose some restrictions, one-third disenfranchise all prisoners, one-half restrict both active and passive electoral rights, one-third employ post-penal disenfranchisement, while one-quarter permit a permanent ban. Comparing these data to the US states—which are often considered incomparably strict—the chapter suggests that the difference is only in the degree of restrictions and not in the kind of existing policies.

scholarly journals Monitoring inequalities in self-rated health over 36 years among Finnish women and men

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Lahelma ◽  
O Pietiläinen ◽  
O Pentala-Nikulainen ◽  
S Helakorpi ◽  
O Rahkonen
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Women Health ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Index Of Inequality

Abstract Background Health inequalities across countries and populations are well established, but little is known about their long-term trends and even less about factors shaping the trends. We examined the magnitude of absolute and relative educational inequalities in self-rated health over 36 years among adult Finns, considering individual covariates and macro-economic fluctuations. Methods Data were derived from representative annual surveys in 1979-2014 among men and women and covered ages 25-64. Nine periods were used (n = 8870-14235). Our health outcome was less-than-good self-rated health and our socioeconomic indicator was completed years of education as a continuous variable. Nine time-variant sociodemographic and health-related covariates were included. Educational inequalities in self-rated health were examined by relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII). Results Linear trends suggested stable overall development in both relative and absolute health equalities during 36 years. Period specific analyses showed that among men relative and absolute inequalities narrowed immediately after economic recession in Finland in 1993-94, and among women, inequalities narrowed during global financial crisis in 2008-09. Adjusting for covariates reduced the magnitude of inequalities throughout the nine periods, but affected little the period specific patterning of health inequalities. Conclusions Educational inequalities in self-rated health persisted during 36 years in Finland. While among men and women health inequalities narrowed during and after recessions, they widened soon back to the pre-recession level. The perseverance calls for powerful measures to tackle health inequalities, such as preventing unhealthy behaviours, obesity and unemployment in particular among the lower educated. Key messages Health inequalities have persisted in Finland over 36 years, with unhealthy behaviors and unemployment affecting their magnitude. Health inequalities narrowed during economic recessions, but widened soon back to pre-recession level.

The Great Recession, behavioral health, and self-rated health: An examination of racial/ethnic differences in the US

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 106873
Author(s):  
Nina Mulia ◽  
Yu Ye ◽  
Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe ◽  
Libo Li ◽  
William C. Kerr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Racial Ethnic

scholarly journals Caring for Older Patients With Cancer: Estimates of the Prevalence, Burden, and Unmet Needs of Caregivers in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 690-690
Author(s):  
Erin Kent
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
The Us ◽  
National Trends

Abstract In 2020, ~1.8 million Americans are expected to be newly diagnosed with cancer, with approximately 70% of cases diagnosed over the age of 65. Cancer can have a ripple effect, impacting not just patients themselves, but their family caregivers. This presentation will provide an overview of the estimates of the number of family caregivers caring for individuals with cancer in the US, focusing on older patients, from several population-based data sources: Caregiving in the US 2020, the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS, 2017-2019), the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS, 2015-2019), and the National Health and Aging Trends (NHATS) Survey. The presentation will compare features of the data sources to give a comprehensive picture of the state of cancer caregiving. In addition, the presentation will highlight what is known about the experiences of cancer caregivers, including caregiving characteristics, burden, unmet needs, and ideas for improving support for family caregivers.

scholarly journals The importance of addressing ageism in Swedish healthcare

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-115
Author(s):  
Katarina Sjögren Forss
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Significant Class ◽  
Care For Older People

Ageism is discrimination against individuals or groups based on their age. In the Swedish healthcare context, the term is uncommon, despite the fact that older people are a significant class of users. One of every five individuals in Sweden is 65 years of age or older, and the proportion of older people in the population is rising. Therefore, ageism in healthcare warrants more awareness and focus. In three recent articles that we have published relating to nutritional, depression and continence care for older people, we found indications of ageism even though we did not aim to study it. There is a need to identify the manifestations of ageism and label them, and to become alert to both the visible and invisible expressions of ageism. This will help in the development of interventions and policies to eliminate ageism in healthcare. With health inequalities growing and seemingly becoming the norm rather than the exception in Sweden and other European countries, it has become imperative to address and eliminate health inequalities through a range of initiatives and mechanisms. Fighting ageism in different settings must be a part of this larger goal.

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