12. Social and Political Fragmentation in Imperial Russia on the Eve of the First World War

2017 ◽  
pp. 362-386
Author(s):  
Robert Gerwarth

This, the first of two complementary chapters on the First World War and its colonial aftermaths, focuses on the collapse of ‘compact’ empires in Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe. It conceptualizes the reconfiguration of Europe and its eastern borderlands after the collapse of Imperial Russia, Austria-Hungary and Imperial Germany as a form of decolonization internal to Europe during a ‘Greater War’ that, broadly speaking, continued until 1923. The global ramifications of this particularly European struggle became evident in new repressive techniques by colonial states and the widespread turn towards political violence to achieve the overthrow of imperial regimes.


2020 ◽  
pp. 216-228
Author(s):  
Георгий Безик

Представленное исследование посвящено изучению задач, стоявших перед военным духовенством России в период Первой мировой войны, и методов их решения. Целью работы является оценка функционала военного духовенства в структуре армии императорской России в обозначенных хронологических и ситуационных рамках. Методология исследования выстроена путём комбинации структурного, системного и сравнительного анализа. Автор приходит к выводу, что с началом боевых действий перечень обязанностей военного духовенства существенным образом расширился. Священнослужители были вынуждены решать задачи, выходившие за рамки устоявшегося регламента и требовавшие наличия особой подготовки, в том числе связанные с оказанием медицинской помощи и эвакуацией раненых. Накануне войны командование, вероятнее всего, не смогло адекватно оценить задачи, стоящие перед военным духовенством в рамках грядущего конфликта. В результате священнослужителям пришлось вырабатывать методику служения уже непосредственно в ходе боевых действий. В целом представители военного духовенства эффективно решали поставленные перед ними задачи. Однако результативность их работы снижали такие факторы, как наличие бюрократических барьеров, ограничение прав в пользу вышестоящих офицеров и военно-административное подчинение фронтовым снабженцам. The presented research is devoted to the study of the problems faced by the military clergy of Russia during the First World War, and methods for solving them. The purpose of the work is to assess the functionality of the military clergy in the structure of the army of imperial Russia in the designated chronological and situational framework. The research methodology is based on a combination of structural, system and comparative analysis. The author comes to the conclusion that with the beginning of hostilities, the list of duties of the military clergy has significantly expanded. The clergy were forced to solve tasks that went beyond the established regulations and required special training, including those related to providing medical care and evacuating the wounded. On the eve of the war, the command most likely failed to adequately assess the tasks facing the military clergy in the upcoming conflict. As a result, the clergy had to develop a method of service directly during the fighting. In general, representatives of the military clergy effectively solved the tasks assigned to them. However, the effectiveness of their work was reduced by such factors as the presence of bureaucratic barriers, restriction of rights in favor of higher-ranking officers, and military-administrative subordination to front-line supplies.


2000 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
R. Soloviy

In the history of religious organizations of Western Ukraine in the 20-30th years of the XX century. The activity of such an early protestant denominational formation as the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church occupies a prominent position. Among UCRC researchers there are several approaches to the preconditions for the birth of the Ukrainian Calvinistic movement in Western Ukraine. In particular, O. Dombrovsky, studying the historical preconditions for the formation of the UREC in Western Ukraine, expressed the view that the formation of the Calvinist cell should be considered in the broad context of the Ukrainian national revival of the 19th and 20th centuries, a new assessment of the religious factor in public life proposed by the Ukrainian radical activists ( M. Drahomanov, I. Franko, M. Pavlik), and significant socio-political, national-cultural and spiritual shifts caused by the events of the First World War. Other researchers of Ukrainian Calvinism, who based their analysis on the confessional-polemical approach (I.Vlasovsky, M.Stepanovich), interpreted Protestantism in Ukraine as a product of Western cultural and religious influences, alien to Ukrainian spirituality and culture.


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