The Incidence and Survival of Sclerotinia Minor in Peanut Seed

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Porter ◽  
R. A. Taber ◽  
D. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract The incidence of Sclerotinia minor was assessed in seed of two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties (VA 81B and Florigiant) harvested from two fields in Virginia exhibiting disease symptoms typical of Sclerotinia blight. The incidence of S. minor in peanut seed with pink, light brown and dark brown testae riding a 6.4 × 25.4 mm screen averaged 1.5, 3.9 and 6.0%, respectively, from both fields. Similar trends were evident with colonization of seed by other fungi. The incidence of S. minor from pieces of testa removed from seed from both fields averaged 3.4% and 2.6%, respectively. However, the incidence of S. minor from seed cotyledons with testae removed was extremely low (<0.1%). Sclerotia of S. minor were not observed on, in or under the testa of seed or between the cotyledons of seed in prepared seed lots (lots containing only seed with pink and light brown testae). BOTEC, a seed treatment fungicide applied at recommended rate (2.5 g/kg), reduced the incidence of S. minor in peanut seed from 4.5% to 0.1%. Similar decreases were noted in other seedbome fungi commonly associated with peanut seed.

Effects of Applied Plant Nutrients on Sclerotinia Blight Incidence in Peanuts1

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hallock ◽  
D. M. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Plant Nutrients ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in Southampton County, Virginia in 1978 and 1979 on Altavista loamy fine sand (Aquic Hapludult) to determine whether applied nutrients affect the severity of Sclerotinia blight in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Sclerotinia minor. Soil or foliar applications of N, K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Zn, Fe, B, S, and Cl were evaluated alone and/or in various combinations and formulations. Multiple Zn or Cu sprays applied on the foliage suppressed Sclerotinia blight symptoms most during fruit development. Yields in plots sprayed with four 1.12-kg/ha applications of Zn were 1,965 kg/ha greater than in untreated plots in 1978. Four 2.24 kg/ha sprays of Zn increased yields 810 kg/ha in 1979. In 1978, CuSO4 sprayed in a manner similar to ZnSO4 was the second most effective treatment among the simple nutrient materials. Zinc and Cu (sulfates) applied in a multi-nutrient commercial material which also contains Mn, Ca, and P suppressed Sclerotinia blight symptoms nearly as effectively as ZnSO4 sprays. Soil applied Zn or Cu (sulfates) at rates of 22.4 and 11.2 kg/ha, respectively, were relatively ineffective. Sequestrene Cu applied in four 0.56 kg/ha sprays of Cu suppressed Sclerotinia blight as effectively as four 2.24 kg/ha Zn sprays in 1979. Also, Sequestrene Zn and THIS Cu applied similarly to Sequestrene Cu decreased the disease symptoms in 1979.

scholarly journals Seed Tolerance in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Members of the Aspergillus flavus Group of Fungi1

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Bartz ◽  
A. J. Norden ◽  
J. C. LaPrade ◽  
T. J. DeMuynk
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Test Fungus ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus Group ◽  
Apparent Susceptibility

Abstract An assay of cured, hand-shelled seeds of various peanut genotypes for tolerance to members of the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi has been performed in Florida for the years 1971–1974. The assay involved exposing peanut seed at 20–30% moisture to conidia of A. parasiticus or A. flavus in petri plates and incubating at 25 C. After 1 week, the percentage of the seeds with sporulating colonies of the test fungus was determined. Typically, individual lines or cultivars were evaluated on the basis of the average of three plates. However, second or third assays of the same seed lots were done on 45 occasions during the 4 year period. More than 95% of these repeated assays yielded data similar to those from the original assay. However, different seed lots of the same line also were assayed and did not always yield similar results unless the dates of digging, methods of curing and location of the plantings were the same. Some shifts in susceptibility were quite extreme. One lot of stackpole cured ‘Altika’ resulted in 12% colonized seeds in the assay but 77% of a windrow-cured seed lot, dug on the same day from the same plot had colonies of the test fungi. No particular change in the harvesting procedure was consistently associated with increases or decreases in apparent susceptibility. Based on tests of all seed lots of 15 commonly grown cultivars during the years 1971–1974. ‘Florunner’ was the most tolerant cultivar and ‘Tifspan’ was the most susceptible.

Sclerotinia Blight in Georgia and Evidence for Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Runner Peanuts

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason E. Woodward ◽  
Timothy B. Brenneman ◽  
Robert C. Kemerait ◽  
Albert K. Culbreath ◽  
James R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Detached Leaflet Assay

Sclerotinia blight (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) was recently identified in a commercial peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) field in Appling County, GA. Symptoms were first observed on the cultivars Tifrunner and Georgia 02C. Plant inoculations and a detached leaflet assay were conducted to determine the susceptibility of the cultivars Georgia Green, Georgia 02C, Georgia 03L, AP-3, Georgia 01R, Hull, C-99R, and Tifrunner. For plant inoculations, lesion lengths were greatest for Okrun, the susceptible control, and Georgia 02C; lesion lengths for C-99R and Georgia 01R did not differ significantly from Tamspan 90, the resistant control. Georgia Green, the current commercial standard, exhibited intermediate lesion lengths. Similar results were obtained from the detached leaflet assay. These results suggest that differing levels of resistance to S. sclerotiorum are available in runner cultivars used in the southeastern United States. Accepted for publication 27 March 2006. Published 31 May 2006.

scholarly journals Functional Uses of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seed Storage Proteins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apekshita Singh ◽  
Soom Nath Raina ◽  
Manisha Sharma ◽  
Manju Chaudhary ◽  
Suman Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Seed Proteins ◽  
Peanut Flour ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Nutritional Chemistry ◽  
Peanut Proteins

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important grain legume crop of tropics and subtropics. It is increasingly being accepted as a functional food and protein extender in developing countries. The seed contains 36% to 54% oil, 16% to 36% protein, and 10% to 20% carbohydrates with high amounts of P, Mg, Ca, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, vitamin E, resveratrol and amino acids. Seed contains 32 different proteins comprised of albumins and globulins. The two-globulin fractions, arachin and non-arachin, comprise approximately 87% of the peanut seed proteins. Peanut worldwide is mainly used for oil production, consumption as raw, roasted, baked products, peanut butter, peanut flour, extender in meat product formulations, confectionary and soups. Peanut proteins have many properties such as good solubility, foaming, water/oil binding, emulsification that make them useful in various food products. Very limited studies have been carried out in peanut functional properties, which has been reviewed in the present article. Adequate modifications can be done in protein functionality that are influenced by pH, temperature, pressure etc. However, some individuals develop severe IgE-mediated allergies to peanut seed proteins. Thus, methods to improve nutrition and reduce allergenicity have also been discussed. Within the last decade, manipulations have been done to alter peanut chemistry and improve nutritional quality of peanuts and peanut products. Hence, improved comprehensive understanding of functional properties and nutritional chemistry of peanut proteins can generate better source of food grain to meet nutritional requirement of growing population. In the present review, composition of peanut seed proteins, functional properties, nutritional components and nutraceutical value have been discussed with respect to beneficial aspects to health, reducing hunger and usage in food end products.

Plant Recovery from Embryonic Axes of Deteriorated Peanut Seed for Germplasm Renewal1

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Morris ◽  
S. Dunn ◽  
R. N. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Plant Recovery ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Embryo Axes

Abstract Embryo axes explants from deteriorated seed of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were incubated at a 16 hr photoperiod at 26 C on an MSB5 medium containing MS salts, B5 vitamins, 20 g/L sucrose, and 8 g/L agar. Five to 8-wk-old plants regenerated from embryonic axes were transplanted to Jiffy pots in the greenhouse. Thirty-two samples of deteriorated seed between 2 and 32 yr old were evaluated. Significant differences in organogenesis were observed between different seed accessions. Shoots and roots were recovered from 74 and 36%, respectively, of embryonic axes explants. In the same experiment, seed producing plants were recovered from 14- to 31-yr-old deteriorated seed of E-2, PI 275704, Macrocarpa, G33, G34, G64, Strain No. 5, TMV 3, PI 290608, PI 295981, Sekelembwe, PI 298879, PI 337300, and PI 371850, by in vitro rescue of embryonic axes, while no plants were recovered from seed of 31 seed accessions germinated in the field. The in vitro rescue of embryonic axes can significantly increase the recovery of germplasm from deteriorated seed of peanut.

Variation in Phytoalexin Production by Peanut Seed from Several Genotypes1

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mohanty ◽  
S. M. Basha ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
R. J. Cole ◽  
J. W. Dorner
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract Evaluation of twenty peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for their phytoalexin producing ability showed wide variation in the amount and composition of phytoalexins produced. Some genotypes produced one major phytoalexin component while the other genotypes produced seven major phytoalexin components. In addition, high phytoalexin producing genotypes utilized more methionine-rich protein than the low phytoalexin producing genotypes suggesting that methionine-rich protein or its breakdown products may have a role in phytoalexin production.

scholarly journals Effect of Ethrel Seed Treatment on Growth, Yield, and Grade of Two Virginia-Type Peanut Cultivars1

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
T. A. Coffelt ◽  
R. K. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Treated Seed

Abstract Two virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, NC 6 and NC 7, were observed to germinate slowly under field conditions. Three seed treatments (1%, 5%, and 10%) of ethrel, cis-N-((1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethyl)thio)4-cyclo-hexene-1,2-dicarboximide, were prepared with a recommended seed treatment (45% Difolitan and 25% PCNB) and dusted on the seed. The experimental design was a 2 (cultivars) × 4 (3 ethrel treatments and an untreated check) factorial in a randomized complete block with four replications. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (1980 & 1981) at two locations (Suffolk, VA, and Beltsville, MD). Factors studied were: Stand counts (10 and 14 days after planting), plant dry weight (18 and 42 days after planting), pod yield, grams/100 seed, and percentages of meat, total sound mature kernels, extra large kernels, and fancy pods. No significant differences were found among ethrel treatments for any factor, except stand counts. Plots planted with ethrel-treated seed had significantly higher stand counts at 10 and 14 days than plots not planted with ethrel-treated seed. Significant differences occurred between locations for all factors, and between years for all factors, except stand counts at 14 days and grams/100 seed. Significant differences occurred between cultivars for all factors, except plant dry weight at 18 days, pod yield, and percentage of fancy pods. These results indicate that, while stands may be improved with ethrel-treated seed, no significant effects on yield or grade factors were found.

Tolerance of Sclerotinia minor to Procymidone and Cross Tolerance to Other Dicarboximide Fungicides and Dicloran1

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Porter ◽  
P. M. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Cross Tolerance ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Hyphal Tip

Abstract Procymidone-tolerant isolates of Sclerotinia minor Jagger were cross-tolerant to iprodione, vinclozolin and dicloran. Hyphal growth of procymidone-tolerant isolates an agar amended with 1 to 100 μg/mL procymidone, iprodione, vinclozolin or dicloran was similar. Procymidone-tolerant isolates were tolerant to all fungicides after 10 weekly hyphal tip transfers to nonamended agar. Subsequently, cross-tolerance persisted on agar amended with either 10 μg/mL procymidone, iprodione, vinclozolin or dicloran. Most procymidone-tolerant isolates of S. minor were pathogenic to peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and caused symptoms similar to those initiated by sensitive isolates.

Importance of Seed Transmission in The Spread of Cylindrocladium Crotalariae1

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Morris Porter ◽  
R. Walton Mozingo
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Isolation Frequency ◽  
Whole Seed

Abstract Cylindrocladium crotalariae, which causes Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), can be isolated at a low frequency from nondamaged peanut seed (seed size ≥6.4 × 25.4 mm slotted screen) not treated with a seed protectant fungicide. Peanut seed obtained from peanut fields in Suffolk, VA, and Martin County, NC, where CBR was severe in 1985 were infected at a frequency of 1.5% and 1.4%, respectively. Cylindrocladium crotalariae was isolated at twice the frequency from pieces of seed than from whole seed. However, C. crotalariae was not isolated from seed treated for 2 weeks with a seed protectant (DCNA + captan). The fungus was not isolated from seed devoid of testae or seed embryos, but was isolated from seed testae at a frequency of 0.4%. Discolored seed (≥6.4 × 25.4 mm) were infected at a frequency of 7.9%, but following seed treatment, the isolation frequency dropped to zero. Discolored seed measuring < 6.4 × 25.4 mm were infected with C. crotalariae at a frequency often exceeding 10%.

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