Classification and evolution of the burrowing sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Athenaria): a review of the past and current views

The opinions of systematists about the classification and evolution of burrowing sea anemones have repeatedly changed over the long-term study of Actiniaria. Four stages can be distinguished over the course of the classification history. Each system was characterized by the use of mainly one particular feature. These features were: (1) characters of the external morphology, (2) arrangement of the mesenteries, (3) presence or absence of the basilar muscles and (4) molecular markers. The views on the origin and the evolution of the burrowing sea anemones were also altered more than once, that led to the emergence of several hypotheses. The burrowing sea anemones were considered as a primitive group or, on the contrary, as more advanced descendants of large hexamerous actinians.

Download Full-text

Surgical Simulation to Evaluate Surgical Innovation: Preclinical Studies With MARTYN

Bulletin of The Royal College of Surgeons of England ◽

10.1308/147363513x13690603817986 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 95 (9) ◽

pp. 299-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hani J Marcus ◽

Ara Darzi ◽

Dipankar Nandi

Keyword(s):

Surgical Simulation ◽

Preclinical Studies ◽

Term Study ◽

The Past ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Surgical Devices ◽

Development Cycle ◽

Minimal Evidence ◽

The Ideal

The safety and effectiveness of surgical devices have come under considerable scrutiny over the past two decades.1 New surgical tools are being introduced into the operating theatre at an increasing rate, and are often rapidly adopted with minimal evidence to support their use. while the IDEAL (idea, development, exploration, assessment, long-term study) framework provides clear recommendations for the clinical evaluation of surgical innovations,2 there is undoubtedly also a role for preclinical studies early in the product development cycle.

Download Full-text

Fieldwork through the Zoomiverse

Anthropology in Action ◽

10.3167/aia.2021.280114 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 73-78

Author(s):

Richard Vokes ◽

Gertrude Atukunda

Keyword(s):

Social Life ◽

Ethnographic Research ◽

Shared Experience ◽

Term Study ◽

Face To Face ◽

The Past ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Online Platforms ◽

Zoom In

We have been conducting collaborative ethnographic research together for over 20 years. Over the past 12 months, this collaboration has included face-to-face encounters, both in Kampala, Uganda, and in Perth, Australia. However, since the advent of COVID-19-related ‘lockdowns’ in our respective countries, our engagements have been conducted exclusively over online platforms, including WhatsApp, Facebook and – increasingly – Zoom. In this article, we reflect upon our shared experience of conducting ethnography through this platform as a tool for understanding the effects of the pandemic in Uganda. We argue that, despite all kinds of material constraints (at both ends), Zoom has much to off er the ethnographer particularly because it can generate an intimate understanding of experience and time. However, against this advantage, some aspects of social life remain beyond the range of its channels, for which an assemblage of additional methods are required. We finish by reflecting upon what these methods have contributed to our long-term study of emergent cultures of mobility in Uganda – a study which is now being conducted in an ostensible context of immobility.

Download Full-text