Yet Another Failed Attempt to Reform the Italian Constitution

Art. 24 of the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights recognises and protects the right of the individual to rest and leisure. This right has to be fully exercised without negative consequences on the right to work and the remuneration. Tourism can be considered one of the best ways of rest and leisure because it allows to enrich the personality of the individual. Even after the reform of the Title V this area is no longer covered by the Italian Constitution, the Italian legal system protects and guarantees it as a real right, so as to get to recognize its existence and the consequent compensation of the so-called “ruined holiday damage”. This kind of damage has not a patrimonial nature, but a moral one, and the Tourist-Traveler can claim for it when he has not been able to fully enjoy his holiday - the essential fulcrum of tourism - intended as an opportunity for leisure and/or rest, essential rights of the individual.

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Selling their Best for Little: The Riddle of Ecuador's Failed Attempt to Assist Communal Farmers

Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico ◽

10.35319/lajed.20042322 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 123-142

Author(s):

María José Castillo ◽

Richard Beilock

Keyword(s):

Development Strategies ◽

Irrigation Canals ◽

Irrigation Systems ◽

Access To Credit ◽

Reservation Prices ◽

Failed Attempt ◽

Santa Elena

In the 1980s, Ecuador began an expensive project providing primary irrigation canals to the Santa Elena Peninsula. The intended beneficiaries were the region's communal farmers. Instead, virtually all irrigable lands have been sold to large farmers and land speculators, usually at exceedingly low prices. While political and economic abuses explain some of these sales, introduction into a communal setting of an innovation which improved returns to capital relative to labor made land divestitures almost inevitable. With effectively no access to credit, communal farmers had little ability to invest in secondary irrigation systems. Moreover, because users of irrigable lands did not fully control communal sales decisions, as these lands became attractive to others, dispossession risks rose. The net result was that reservation prices for holding these lands fell among communal farmers at the same time of increased demands for these assets by those outside the comunas. Implications for development strategies are also discussed.

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FDA-CMS Parallel Review: A Failed Attempt at Spurring Innovation

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3107741 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Marta Podemska-Mikluch

Keyword(s):

Failed Attempt

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The Outcome Effect and Professional Skepticism: A Replication and a Failed Attempt at Mitigation

Behavioral Research in Accounting ◽

10.2308/bria-52306 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 135-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Joseph F. Brazel ◽

Christine Gimbar ◽

Eldar M. Maksymov ◽

Tammie J. Schaefer

Keyword(s):

Positive Outcome ◽

Original Study ◽

Research Note ◽

Data Availability ◽

Professional Skepticism ◽

Initial Effect ◽

Additional Testing ◽

Failed Attempt ◽

Negative Outcome

ABSTRACT In this research note, we replicate Brazel, Jackson, Schaefer, and Stewart's (2016) study of how auditors evaluate skeptical behavior. Like the original study, we find that evaluators reward audit staff who exercise appropriate levels of skepticism and identify a misstatement (positive outcome). However, when no misstatement is identified (negative outcome), evaluators penalize staff who exercise appropriate levels of skepticism. One factor causing this outcome effect may be that exercising skepticism typically causes budget overages due to additional testing. Hence, we examine whether formally attributing the budget overage to skeptical judgments and actions in the audit budget file reduces outcome effects. However, while replicating the initial effect across three separate studies, we have been unable to reduce this effect. Thus, it is clear that the outcome effect in this context is very robust. Data Availability: Contact the authors.

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