Study on Different Type of Irrigation System Suitable for South Region of Maharashtra

To study on different type of irrigation system suitable for south region of Maharashtra. We are attempting to find an irrigation system which would require less water and will be economical with higher yield of the crops for which it is installed. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays. Irrigation is usually used in areas where rainfall is irregular or dry times or drought is expected. There are many types of irrigation systems, in which water is supplied to the entire field uniformly Study of various types of irrigation method's such as surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation, drip irrigation and smart irrigation. We discussed about the different types of irrigation systems, there are several types of irrigation systems such as surface irrigation, sub-surface irrigation, drip irrigation, IOT, smart irrigation, sensor based irrigation in combination of traditional and modern type of irrigation. From above study we came to know the difference between automated irrigation system and manual irrigation system. We will know that automated irrigation system gives higher yield of crops using less amount of water as compared to manual irrigation system in accordance to automated and manual. Our study is to compare our system with other irrigation systems in terms of economy and optimum water usage to provide maximum results. Keywords: Surface irrigation, Drip irrigation, Manual Irrigation system, automated irrigation system

Seasonal Yield Response Factor for Red Bombay Onion (Allium cepa L.) Variety in Arba Minch, Ethiopia

Background: For better water resources management in the areas of water shortage for crop production, deficit irrigation is very important. The understanding of the yield response factor to water deficit is crucial for efficient irrigation water management. Deficit irrigation for studying yield response factors is always practiced in the way of stressing the demand of the crops. The present study was done for the determination of the seasonal yield response factor of red Bombay onion variety under Arba Minch agro climate condition. Furthermore, it also examined the effect of furrow irrigation systems on the seasonal yield response factor. Methods: The experiment was conducted from August to November 2019. The experiment had six treatments, which were the combination of two furrow irrigation systems and three irrigation levels. Data were collected for soil moisture before and after each irrigation and bulb yield. The seasonal yield response factors were determined through simple linear regressions using SPSS software. Result: When considering the furrow irrigation system as a factor, the seasonal yield response factor for alternate furrow irrigation system was 1.18 while for paired row furrow irrigation system was 1.07. This red Bombay variety of onion clearly shows more sensitive to water stress for alternative furrow irrigation systems than paired row furrow irrigation systems. Therefore, in the area of water shortage paired row furrow irrigation system is better than alternate furrow irrigation system. The seasonal yield response factor as a wall for red Bombay onion variety in Arba Minch agro-ecological condition was 1.12. Therefore, the red Bombay onion variety in Arba Minch agroclimate condition was sensitive to water stress.

Secure Authentication Scheme Using Diffie–Hellman Key Agreement for Smart IoT Irrigation Systems

Smart irrigation is considered one of the most significant agriculture management systems worldwide, considering the current context of water scarcity. There is a clear consensus that such smart systems will play an essential role in achieving the economic growth of other vital sectors. In general, the consequences of global warming and the unavailability of clean water sources for the agricultural sector are clear indications that the demand for these systems will increase in the near future, especially considering the recent expansions in the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies, which have been employed in the development of such systems. An obvious result is that security challenges will be one of the main obstacles to attaining the widespread adoption of such systems. Therefore, this paper proposes a secure authentication scheme using Diffie–Hellman key agreement for smart IoT irrigation systems using WSNs. This scheme is based on Diffie–Hellman and one-way hash cryptographic functions in order to support the basic security services with a high data rate and ability to resist well-known attacks. The Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic model is used to verify the proposed scheme formally. Based on various possible attack scenarios, a resistance analysis of the proposed scheme is discussed. Further analyses are performed in terms of the storage size, intercommunication, and running time costs. Therefore, the proposed scheme not only can be considered a secure authentication scheme but is also practical for smart IoT irrigation systems due to its reasonable efficiency factors.

Comparing Overhead versus Drip Irrigation for Production of Three Cultivars of Romaine Lettuce on Biodegradable Plastic Mulch

Growers seeking alternatives to traditional polyethylene plastic mulch may use biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs). However, plasticulture systems typically also use plastic drip tape underneath the mulch, which must be removed from the field and disposed of at the end of the season, making tilling the BDM into the soil more difficult and expensive. A potential solution to this dilemma may be to use other irrigation methods, such as overhead sprinklers, that could be more easily removed from the field and reused from year to year. At Knoxville, TN, in 2019 and 2020, we grew three cultivars of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) on BDM with two irrigation systems (overhead sprinklers above the mulch and drip irrigation tape under the mulch) to compare water use, disease, and yield in these two irrigation systems. Water use was higher in overhead vs. drip irrigation in both years; however, the difference in water use was much smaller in 2019 due to higher rainfall amounts during the time period the lettuce was growing in the field (March to May). Disease incidence and severity were very low both years for both irrigation systems. There were no differences in marketable yield (number of heads) between irrigation treatment in 2019. In 2020, marketable yield by number was greater in the drip vs. overhead irrigation treatment. Unmarketable yield in 2019 was due to heads that were too small; in 2020, unmarketability was predominantly due to tipburn in overhead irrigated ‘Jericho’. Overall, marketable lettuce yield did not differ between irrigation treatments in 2019 and was similar for ‘Parris Island Cos’ in 2020. Although quantitative weed counts were not made, observations of weed pressure between rows showed that weed pressure was higher in overhead irrigated compared with drip irrigated subplots. This highlights the need to have a between-row weed management program in place. The results of this study suggest that with attention to cultivar and weed management, overhead irrigation could be a viable alternative to drip irrigation for lettuce production on BDM, especially for early spring lettuce when rainfall is historically more plentiful.