Quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid spaces in children with occipital plagiocephaly

1996 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Sawin ◽  
Michael G. Muhonen ◽  
Arnold H. Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Sylvian Fissure ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Content Type ◽  
External Hydrocephalus ◽  
Subarachnoid Spaces ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
Space Volume

✓ The etiology of occipital plagiocephaly (OP) is not fully understood. The authors have observed that many infants with this condition have external hydrocephalus. This study was undertaken to quantify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space caliber in children with OP and to compare these measurements to those derived from normal age-matched controls to further elucidate the pathogenesis of this condition. Thirty-one infants with isolated unilateral OP (mean age 6 months) were studied. Infants with multiple cranial suture abnormalities, impaired neurological function, developmental delay, and associated craniofacial anomalies were excluded. Twenty normal infants were evaluated as controls. The volumes of the sylvian fissures, frontal and occipital subarachnoid spaces, as well as the cross-sectional areas of the suprasellar and perimesencephalic cisterns, were calculated from computerized tomography (CT) studies. Ventricular size was also assessed. Generalized subarachnoid space dilation was observed in 29 (93.5%) of the 31 children with OP. Head circumference was significantly greater in the case group (71.4 vs. 50.8 percentile; p = 0.0002 by analysis of variance). The sylvian fissure volume was significantly larger in the case group (5.8 ml vs. 0.7 ml in controls, p < 0.0001). The volume of the contralateral sylvian fissure was greater than that ipsilateral to the side of OP (7.1 ml vs. 4.5 ml, p = 0.001). Frontal subarachnoid space volume was greater in infants with OP (27.5 ml vs. 0.6 ml in controls, p < 0.0001). Both the suprasellar and perimesencephalic cisterns were of greater caliber in the case group (p = 0.007 and p < 0.0001, respectively). No difference in ventricular size or occipital subarachnoid space volume was noted between groups. The extraventricular CSF spaces in neurologically unimpaired infants with OP are significantly larger than those in age-and sex-matched controls. Enlarged subarachnoid spaces may increase the compliance and malleability of the calvaria and sutures, predisposing to positional deformity. External hydrocephalus may be a fundamental etiological factor in OP.

Computerized tomography and pathological correlation in cystic meningiomas

1979 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Becker ◽  
David Norman ◽  
Charles B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Metastatic Tumor ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pathological Correlation ◽  
Subarachnoid Spaces ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
Cystic Meningiomas

✓ Meningiomas have been reported to have associated areas of surrounding low density on computerized tomography (CT). These low-density areas may represent edema, widened subarachnoid spaces, loculated cerebrospinal fluid, demyelination, or adjacent tumor. Two cases are presented in which this adjacent area of low density represented a tumor cyst. Recognition is important as the CT appearance of these lesions may simulate a metastatic tumor.

The empty sella and some related syndromes

1972 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sixto Obrador
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Empty Sella ◽  
Empty Sella Syndrome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Diaphragma Sellae ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
Syndrome Association

✓ A case of empty sella syndrome due to a benign intrasellar cyst leads the author to a review of variations in this syndrome. Association with intrasellar diverticuli of the subarachnoid space, deficiencies of the diaphragma sellae, and small pituitary glands are identified. Its relationship with certain headaches in women and to unexplained nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea are discussed.

Intraventricular fat from a ruptured sacral dermoid cyst: clinical, radiographic, and pathological correlation

1993 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim A. Scearce ◽  
Cheng-Mei Shaw ◽  
Andrew D. Bronstein ◽  
Phillip D. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Dermoid Cyst ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pathological Correlation ◽  
Subarachnoid Spaces ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The authors report a unique case of a dermoid cyst that ruptured into the lumbosacral subarachnoid space following trauma, resulting in dissemination of cyst contents into the ventricles and cerebrospinal subarachnoid spaces. An intraspinous source should be considered when intraventricular fat is identified without a clear intracranial source.

The effects of raised ICP on lymph flow in the cervical lymphatic trunks in cats

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Love ◽  
Ronald A. Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Molecules ◽  
Csf Pressure ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Lymph was collected from cervical lymphatic trunks of anesthetized cats under conditions of normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and again when the CSF pressure was elevated by infusing artificial CSF into the subarachnoid space at the cisterna magna. There was an immediate increase in lymph flow on initiation of the CSF infusion, but this increase was not maintained although the CSF infusion continued. Lymph protein concentrations fell when the CSF infusion started and remained depressed while the infusion of CSF continued. It is postulated that under steady-state conditions much of the CSF leaving the subarachnoid space via the cranial nerves enters the capillaries from the extravascular spaces, and that large molecules from the CSF, such as proteins, return to the blood via the lymphatic system.

Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces in the infant

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura R. Ment ◽  
Charles C. Duncan ◽  
Robert Geehr
Keyword(s):  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Subarachnoid Spaces ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The authors report 18 infants with benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces seen at their institution during a 1-year time interval. This condition is characterized by the computerized tomography findings of dilatation of the subarachnoid spaces, normal or slightly enlarged ventricular size, and prominence of the basilar cisterns. Most cases were found in children referred for the evaluation of abnormally increasing head circumference measurements. Although it was not possible to document the development, and, in several cases, improvement of this process, in these patients enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces was a benign diagnosis, not associated with serious neurological dysfunction.

Negative-pressure hydrocephalus

1995 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Vassilyadi ◽  
Jean-Pierre Farmer ◽  
José L. Montes
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Ventricular Dilation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Arnold Chiari Malformation ◽  
System A ◽  
Subarachnoid Spaces ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Two cases of children with closed myelodysplasia, Arnold-Chiari malformation, and shunted hydrocephalus who underwent spinal arachnoid cystopleural shunting are presented. Postoperatively, both patients developed craniovertebral symptomatology accompanied by radiologically documented ventricular dilation in spite of negative intracranial pressure and functional ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts. Both patients recovered after the cystopleural shunts were revised to increase the resistance to flow within the system. The authors believe that some communication between the arachnoid cyst and the subarachnoid space existed in both cases and that the negative pleural pressure was transmitted preferentially to the spinal and cerebral convexity subarachnoid spaces with relative sparing of the ventricular system. A transmantle pressure gradient was thereby established, leading to ventricular dilation. The authors further suggest that a craniospinal gradient was possibly established as well, leading to craniovertebral symptomatology in the patients. Return of flow in the VP shunts was obtained by correcting this iatrogenic transmantle pressure gradient.

The effect of dexamethasone phosphate on the production rate of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space of dogs

1973 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Sato ◽  
Makoto Hara ◽  
Takehiko Asai ◽  
Ryuichi Tsugane ◽  
Naoki Kageyama
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spinal Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Dexamethasone Phosphate ◽  
Maximal Reduction ◽  
Csf Production ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The effect of intravenous dexamethasone on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production was studied in dogs by a method of caudocephalad perfusion of the spinal subarachnoid space with an inulin-containing buffer. The CSF production rate began to reduce immediately after the injection of 0.15 mg/kg and attained a maximal reduction of 50% in 50 minutes.

Noninvasive optical imaging of the subarachnoid space and cerebrospinal fluid pathways based on near-infrared fluorescence

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 738-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Sakatani ◽  
Masaki Kashiwasake-Jibu ◽  
Yoshinori Taka ◽  
Shijie Wang ◽  
Huancong Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Injection Site ◽  
Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spinal Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Lumbar Spinal ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The authors have developed a noninvasive optical method to image the subarachnoid space and cerebrospinal fluid pathways in vivo based on the near-infrared fluorescence of indocyanine green (ICG). The ICG was bound to purified lipoproteins (ICG—lipoprotein) and injected into the subarachnoid space of neonatal and adult rats. The ICG fluorescence was detected by a cooled charge-coupled device camera. After injection of ICG—lipoprotein into the cerebral subarachnoid space of the neonatal rat, ICG fluorescence was clearly detected at the injection site through the skull and skin. The ICG fluorescence was observed in the cerebellum and the lumbar spinal cord 1 and 8 hours postinjection, respectively. After injection of ICG—lipoprotein into the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space of an adult rat, ICG fluorescence was observed from the injection site to the thoracic levels along the spinal subarachnoid space. In addition, with the rat's head tilted downward, ICG fluorescence had extended to the cerebral subarachnoid space by 1 hour postinjection. The ICG fluorescence imaging of the cerebral subarachnoid space demonstrated an increase in fluorescence intensity around the lambdoid suture and the forebrain. On dissection of the rat brain the former location was identified as the supracerebellar cistern and the latter as the olfactory cistern. The results of this study are the first to demonstrate that an optical technique is applicable to imaging of the subarachnoid space and cerebrospinal fluid pathways in vivo. In addition, ICG—lipoprotein provides a sensitive optical tracer for imaging extravascular biological structures. Finally, ICG fluorescence imaging does not require an intricate imaging system because ICG is localized near the surface of the body.

Cerebrospinal fluid may nourish cerebral vessels through pathways in the adventitia that may be analogous to systemic vasa vasorum

1982 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas T. Zervas ◽  
Theodore M. Liszczak ◽  
Marc R. Mayberg ◽  
Peter McL. Black
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cerebral Vessels ◽  
Vasa Vasorum ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Proteins ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Cerebral blood vessels are devoid of vasa vasorum. Therefore, the authors have studied the microarchitecture of the adventitia of large feline cerebral vessels and systemic vessels of the same size, in an effort to determine how the vessels are nourished. The cerebral vessels contain a rete vasorum in the adventitia that is permeable to large proteins and is in continuity with the subarachnoid space. This substructure may be analogous to the systemic vasa vasorum and may contribute to the nutrition of the cerebral arteries.

External hydrocephalus in adults

1996 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 1143-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
érico R. Cardoso ◽  
Romaine Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Great Resistance ◽  
Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
External Hydrocephalus ◽  
Csf Shunting ◽  
Fluid Collections ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The authors report three adult patients who developed a symptomatic extraaxial collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after an intracranial hemorrhage. The fluid shifted from the extraaxial into the ventricular space as the patients' symptoms progressed. The symptoms resolved after placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. External hydrocephalus, which is frequently observed in children, had not yet been described in adults. It is important to differentiate chronic subdural collections from external hydrocephalus, because ventricular CSF shunting increases the former while it is the treatment for the latter. The authors believe that symptomatic extraaxial fluid collections developed in these three adults during the early phase of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus because the ventricles presented great resistance to distention at the onset of hydrocephalus. Animal experiments have led to the same result.

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