Management and outcome of hemorrhage after Gamma Knife surgery for arteriovenous malformations of the brain

2006 ◽  
Vol 105 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Maruyama ◽  
Masahiro Shin ◽  
Masao Tago ◽  
Hiroki Kurita ◽  
Nobutaka Kawahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Radical Resection ◽  
Gamma Knife Surgery ◽  
Intracerebral Hematoma ◽  
Intraoperative Bleeding ◽  
Chronic Encapsulated Hematoma ◽  
The Brain

ObjectAppropriate management of hemorrhage after Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain is poorly understood, although a certain proportion of patients suffer from hemorrhage.MethodsAmong 500 patients observed for 1 to 183 months (median 70 months) after GKS, 32 patients (6.4%) suffered a hemorrhage. Hemorrhage developed even after angiographically documented obliteration of the AVM in five (2%) of 250 patients followed for 1 to 133 months (median 75 months) post-GKS. These patients had been treated according to their pathological condition. Treatment of these patients and their outcomes were retrospectively reviewed. As a management strategy in patients with preobliteration hemorrhage, the intracerebral hematoma and the AVM nidus were removed in four patients, and chronic encapsulated hematoma was removed in three. Among 11 patients who were conservatively treated, AVMs were ultimately obliterated in five, including three patients who underwent repeated GKS. Intracerebral hematoma from angiographically documented obliterated AVMs was radically resected in two patients, including one who also underwent aspiration of an accompanying symptomatic cyst. Intraoperative bleeding was easily controlled in these patients. Outcomes after hemorrhage, measured with the modified Rankin Scale, were significantly better in patients with postobliteration hemorrhage than in those with preobliteration hemorrhage (p < 0.05).Conclusions Various types of hemorrhagic complications after GKS for AVMs can be properly managed based on an understanding of each pathological condition. Although a small risk of bleeding remains after angiographically demonstrated obliteration, surgery for such AVMs is safe, and the patient outcomes are more favorable. Radical resection to prevent further hemorrhage is recommended for ruptured AVMs after obliteration because such AVMs can cause repeated hemorrhages.

A simple treatment planning strategy for patients with multiple metastases treated with Gamma Knife surgery

2006 ◽  
Vol 105 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 2-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
James G. Douglas ◽  
Robert Goodkin
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Treatment Planning ◽  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Gamma Knife Surgery ◽  
Planning Method ◽  
Cns Metastases ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Dose Volume Histograms ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Brain

ObjectIn a substantial number of patients treated at the authors' facility for brain metastases, additional lesions are identified at the time of Gamma Knife surgery (GKS). These lesions are often widely dispersed and may number over 10, which is the maximal number of matrices that can be currently placed for treatment with Leksell Gamma-Plan 4C. The authors describe a simple planning method for GKS in patients with multiple, widely dispersed central nervous system (CNS) metastases.MethodsTwo patients presented with three to five identified recurrent metastases from non–small cell lung carcinoma and breast carcinoma after having received whole-brain radiotherapy. At the time of treatment with GKS in each patient, spoiled-gradient Gd-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed substantially more metastases than originally thought, which were widely scattered throughout all regions of the brain. The authors simplified the treatment planning approach by dividing the entire CNS contents into six contiguous, nonoverlapping matrices, which allowed for the planning, calculation, and treatment of all lesions.Two patients were successfully treated with GKS for more than 10 CNS metastases by using this simple planning method. Differing peripheral doses to varied-size lesions were delivered by prescribing to different isodose curves within any given matrix when required. Dose–volume histograms showed brain doses as follows: 10% of the total brain volume received 5 to 6.4 Gy; 25% received 3.8 to 4.8 Gy; 50% received 2.7 to 3.1 Gy; and 75% received 2.2 to 2.5 Gy.Conclusions The delineation of more metastases than appreciated on the diagnostic MR imaging is a common occurrence at the time of GKS at the authors' institution. The treatment of multiple (>10), widely dispersed CNS metastases can be simplified by the placement of multiple, contiguous, non-overlapping matrices, which can be employed to treat lesions in all areas of the brain when separate matrices cannot be utilized.

scholarly journals Gamma Knife surgery for incidental cerebral arteriovenous malformations

2014 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1015-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Po Yen ◽  
Dale Ding ◽  
Ching-Hsiao Cheng ◽  
Robert M. Starke ◽  
Mark Shaffrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Gamma Knife Surgery ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Object A relatively benign natural course of unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has recently been recognized, and the decision to treat incidentally found AVMs has been questioned. This study aims to evaluate the long-term imaging and clinical outcomes of patients with asymptomatic, incidentally discovered AVMs treated with Gamma Knife surgery (GKS). Methods Thirty-one patients, each with an incidentally diagnosed AVM, underwent GKS between 1989 and 2009. The nidus volumes ranged from 0.3 to 11.1 cm3 (median 3.2 cm3). A margin dose between 15 and 26 Gy (median 20 Gy) was used to treat the AVMs. Four patients underwent repeat GKS for still-patent AVM residuals after the initial GKS procedure. Clinical follow-up ranged from 24 to 196 months, with a mean of 78 months (median 51 months) after the initial GKS. Results Following GKS, 19 patients (61.3%) had a total AVM obliteration on angiography. In 7 patients (22.6%), no flow voids were observed on MRI but angiographic confirmation was not available. In 5 patients (16.1%), the AVMs remained patent. A small nidus volume was significantly associated with increased AVM obliteration rate. Thirteen patients (41.9%) developed radiation-induced imaging changes: 11 were asymptomatic (35.5%), 1 had only headache (3.2%), and 1 developed seizure and neurological deficits (3.2%). Two patients each had 1 hemorrhage during the latency period (116.5 risk years), yielding an annual hemorrhage rate of 1.7% before AVM obliteration. Conclusions The decision to treat asymptomatic AVMs, and if so, which treatment approach to use, remain the subject of debate. GKS as a minimally invasive procedure appears to achieve a reasonable outcome with low procedure-related morbidity. In those patients with incidental AVMs, the benefits as well as the risks of radiosurgical intervention will only be fully defined with long-term follow-up.

Long-term complications after gamma knife surgery for arteriovenous malformations

2005 ◽  
Vol 102 (Special_Supplement) ◽  
pp. 34-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Izawa ◽  
Motohiro Hayashi ◽  
Mikhail Chernov ◽  
Koutarou Nakaya ◽  
Taku Ochiai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Gamma Knife Surgery ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Delayed Hemorrhage ◽  
Complete Obliteration ◽  
Risk Of Hemorrhage ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The authors analyzed of the long-term complications that occur 2 or more years after gamma knife surgery (GKS) for intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Methods. Patients with previously untreated intracranial AVMs that were managed by GKS and followed for at least 2 years after treatment were selected for analysis (237 cases). Complete AVM obliteration was attained in 130 cases (54.9%), and incomplete obliteration in 107 cases (45.1%). Long-term complications were observed in 22 patients (9.3%). These complications included hemorrhage (eight cases), delayed cyst formation (eight cases), increase of seizure frequency (four cases), and middle cerebral artery stenosis and increased white matter signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (one case of each). The long-term complications were associated with larger nidus volume (p < 0.001) and a lobar location of the AVM (p < 0.01). Delayed hemorrhage was associated only with incomplete obliteration of the nidus (p < 0.05). Partial obliteration conveyed no benefit. Delayed cyst formation was associated with a higher maximal GKS dose (p < 0.001), larger nidus volume (p < 0.001), complete nidus obliteration (p < 0.01), and a lobar location of the AVM (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Incomplete obliteration of the nidus is the most important factor associated with delayed hemorrhagic complications. Partial obliteration does not seem to reduce the risk of hemorrhage. Complete obliteration can be complicated by delayed cyst formation, especially if high maximal treatment doses have been administered.

scholarly journals Repeat Gamma Knife Surgery for Incompletely Obliterated Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Neurosurgery ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Po Yen ◽  
Surbhi Jain ◽  
Iftikhar-ul Haq ◽  
Jay Jagannathan ◽  
David Schlesinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Gamma Knife Surgery ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract OBJECTIVE The causes of failure after an initial Gamma procedure were studied, along with imaging and clinical outcomes, in a series of 140 patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) treated with repeat Gamma Knife surgery (GKS). METHODS Causes of initial treatment failure included inaccurate nidus definition in 14 patients, failure to fill part of the nidus as a result of hemodynamic factors in 16, recanalization of embolized AVM compartments in 6, and suboptimal dose (&lt; 20 Gy) in 23. Nineteen patients had repeat GKS for subtotal obliteration of AVMs. In 62 patients, the AVM failed to obliterate despite correct target definition and adequate dose. At the time of retreatment, the nidus volume ranged from 0.1 to 6.9 cm3 (mean, 1.4 cm3), and the mean prescription dose was 20.3 Gy. RESULTS Repeat GKS yielded a total angiographic obliteration in 77 patients (55%) and subtotal obliteration in 9 (6.4%). In 38 patients (27.1%), the AVMs remained patent, and in 16 patients (11.4%), no flow voids were observed on magnetic resonance imaging. Clinically, 126 patients improved or remained stable, and 14 experienced deterioration (8 resulting from a rebleed, 2 caused by persistent arteriovenous shunting, and 4 related to radiation-induced changes). CONCLUSION By using repeat GKS, we achieved a 55% angiographic cure rate. Although radiation-induced changes as visualized on magnetic resonance imaging occurred in 48 patients (39%), only 4 patients (3.6%) developed permanent neurological deficits. These findings may be useful in deciding the management of AVMs in whom total obliteration after initial GKS was not achieved.

Clinical and neuroimaging outcome of cerebral arteriovenous malformations after Gamma Knife surgery: analysis of the radiation injury rate depending on the arteriovenous malformation volume

2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Ho Han ◽  
Dong Gyu Kim ◽  
Hyun-Tai Chung ◽  
Chul-Kee Park ◽  
Sun Ha Paek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Radiation Injury ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Gamma Knife Surgery ◽  
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Bleeding Rate ◽  
Reduced Dose ◽  
The Mean

Object In this paper the authors analyzed the clinical and neuroimaging outcomes of patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) after Gamma Knife surgery (GKS), focusing on the analysis of the radiation injury rate depending on the AVM volume. Methods Between 1997 and 2004, 277 consecutive patients with cerebral AVMs were treated with GKS. Of these patients, 218 were followed up for ≥ 2 years. The mean age was 31 ± 15 years, the median AVM volume was 3.4 cm3 (range 0.17–35.2 cm3), the median marginal dose was 18.0 Gy (range 10.0–25.0 Gy), and the mean follow-up duration was 44 ± 20 months. The authors reduced the prescription dose by various amounts, depending on the AVM volume and location as prescribed in the classic guideline to avoid irreversible radiation injuries. Results The angiographic obliteration rate was 66.4% overall, and it was 81.7, 53.1, and 12.5% for small, medium, and large AVMs, respectively. The overall annual bleeding rate was 1.9%. The annual bleeding rate was 0.44 and 4.64% for small and large AVMs, respectively. Approximately 20% of the patients showed severe postradiosurgery imaging (PRI) changes. The rate of PRI change was 11.4, 33.3, and 9.5% for small, medium, and large AVM volume groups, respectively, and a permanent radiation injury developed in 5.1% of patients. Conclusions By using the reduced dose from what is usually prescribed, the authors were able to obtain outcomes in small AVMs that were comparable to the outcomes described in previous reports. However, medium AVMs appear to still be at risk for adverse radiation effects. Last, in large AVMs, the authors were able to attain a tolerable rate of radiation injury; however, the clinical outcomes were quite disappointing following administration of a reduced dose of GKS for large AVMs.

scholarly journals Eloquent Areas in the Gamma Knife Treatment of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 385-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kobayashi ◽  
Yoshihisa Kida ◽  
Takayuki Tanaka ◽  
Kazuo Yoshida ◽  
Yoshimasa Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Eloquent Areas ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Proposed mechanism for cyst formation and enlargement following Gamma Knife Surgery for arteriovenous malformations

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (Special_Suppl) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Shuto ◽  
Makoto Ohtake ◽  
Shigeo Matsunaga
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Gamma Knife Surgery ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Complete Obliteration ◽  
Rosai Hospital ◽  
Hemosiderin Deposits ◽  
Adjacent Brain

Object The authors retrospectively studied the mechanism of cyst formation and enlargement after Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Methods Eighteen patients in whom cyst formation developed following GKS for AVM were retrospectively identified among 775 patients who underwent GKS for AVM at Yokohama Rosai Hospital. The study group was composed of 12 male and 6 female patients ranging in age from 17 to 47 years. Results Chronic encapsulated expanding hematoma was associated with the cyst in 5 patients. The AVM nidus volume at the time of GKS ranged from 1.9 to 36 cm3, and the prescription radiation dose was 18–25 Gy. Complete obliteration of the AVM nidus was obtained in 13 patients and partial obliteration in 5 patients. Cyst formation was detected between 2.6 and 15 years after GKS. Craniotomy was performed in 10 patients, including 2 patients in whom the incompletely obliterated nidus was removed at the same time, and an Ommaya reservoir was placed in 2 patients. Spontaneous regression of the cyst was observed in 1 patient. Serial MR imaging was performed in the other patients because the size of the cyst was stable or the lesion was asymptomatic. Histological examination of the cyst wall revealed linear hemosiderin deposits with gliosis. The nodular lesion, which was enhanced on MR images, contained granulation tissue with chronic hemorrhage from newly developed capillary vessels. Conclusions Cysts developing after GKS for AVM enlarge mainly due to repeated minor hemorrhages from a reddish nodular angiomatous lesion that develops within an adjacent brain area. Thus, the optimal treatment is wide opening of the cyst with removal of the associated angiomatous lesion by craniotomy.

Retrospective analysis of unstaged and staged Gamma Knife surgery with and without preceding embolization for the treatment of arteriovenous malformations

2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam G. Back ◽  
Dennis Vollmer ◽  
Otto Zeck ◽  
Clive Shkedy ◽  
Peter M. Shedden
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Gamma Knife Surgery ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Obliteration Rate

Object The authors conducted a retrospective study to examine data on rates of obliteration of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with use of various combinations of treatment modalities based on Gamma Knife surgery (GKS). The authors believe that this study is the first to report on patients treated with embolization followed by staged GKS. Methods The authors identified 150 patients who underwent GKS for treatment of AVMs between 1994 and 2004. In a retrospective study, 4 independent groups emerged based on the various combinations of treatment: 92 patients who underwent unstaged GKS, 28 patients who underwent embolization followed by unstaged GKS, 23 patients who underwent staged GKS, and 7 patients who underwent embolization followed by staged GKS. A minimum of 3 years of follow-up after the last GKS treatment was required for inclusion in the retrospective analysis. Angiograms, MR images, or CT scans at follow-up were required for calculating rates of obliteration of AVMs. Results Fifty-seven of 150 patients (38%) supplied angiograms, and overall obliteration was confirmed in 43 of these 57 patients (75.4%). An additional 37 patients had follow-up MR images or CT scans. The overall obliteration rate, including patients with follow-up angiograms and patients with follow-up MR images or CT scans, was 68 of 94 (72.3%). Patients who underwent unstaged GKS had a follow-up rate of 58.7% (54 of 92) and an obliteration rate of 75.9% (41 of 54). Patients who underwent embolization followed by unstaged GKS had a follow-up rate of 53.5% (15 of 28) and an obliteration rate of 60.0% (9 of 15). Patients who underwent staged GKS had a follow-up rate of 82.6% (19 of 23) and an obliteration rate of 73.7% (14 of 19). Patients who underwent embolization followed by staged GKS had a follow-up rate of 85.7% (6 of 7) and an obliteration rate of 66.7% (4 of 6). Conclusions Gamma Knife surgery is an effective means of treating AVMs. Embolization prior to GKS may reduce AVM obliteration rates. Staged GKS is a promising method for obtaining high obliteration rates when treating larger AVMs in eloquent locations.

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