Non-steady-state processes in amperometric biosensors: modelling studies

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
A Mashirin ◽  
K Tammeveski ◽  
T Tenno ◽  
S Velling
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Amperometric Biosensors ◽  
Modelling Studies

Sewer exfiltration and the colmation layer

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 2273-2280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Ellis ◽  
D. M. Revitt ◽  
J. Vollertsen ◽  
D. J. Blackwood
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Pressure Condition ◽  
State Equilibrium ◽  
Matrix Potential ◽  
Exponential Decline ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Head Pressure ◽  
Loss Rates

Sewer rig studies demonstrate a rapid exponential decline in exfiltration rates from gaps and joints to establish an ultimate steady-state equilibrium varying between 10−3–10−6 l s−1, with minimum average daily rates per standardised leak area and sewer length varying between 0.02–9.0 l d−1cm−2 and 0.0002–2.0 l s−1 km−1 respectively. These loss rates are much larger than those derived from indirect monitoring/modelling studies which suggest losses between 1.4 × 10−5–0.179 l s−1 km−1. The confusion regarding conflicting definitions of the colmation, transition, bridging and biofilm layers is addressed, and the significance of these clogging layers in terms of both hydraulic and matrix potential on the exfiltration loss is evaluated. The influence of variability and instability of flow and bed turbulence on determining critical leakage conditions following the onset of equilibrium steady-state is assessed. This challenges the generally held assumption that elevated head pressure condition alone is a necessary precursor for rupture of the clogging layers.

scholarly journals Are litter, plastic and microplastic quantities increasing in the ocean?

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois Galgani ◽  
Aleke Stoefen-o Brien ◽  
Judith Weis ◽  
Christos Ioakeimidis ◽  
Qamar Schuyler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Fate And Transport ◽  
Marine Litter ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Modelling Studies

AbstractWhilst both plastic production and inputs at sea have increased since the 1950s, several modelling studies predict a further increase in the coming years in these respective quantities. We compiled scientific literature on trends in marine litter, consisting largely of plastic and microplastics in the ocean, understanding that monitoring programs or assessments for these aspects are varied, frequently focusing on limited components of the marine environment in different locations, and covering a wide spectrum of marine litter types, with limited standardization. Here we discuss how trends in the amounts of litter in the marine environment can be compared with the information provided by models. Increasing amounts of plastic are found in some regions, especially in remote areas, but many repeated surveys and monitoring efforts have failed to demonstrate any consistent real temporal trend. An observed steady state situation of plastic quantities in many marine compartments and the fate and transport of plastic in the marine environment remain areas for much needed further research.

Studies on Water in the Hydration Chamber of a Modified Electron Microscope

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 544-545
Author(s):  
R. C. Moretz ◽  
G. G. Hausner ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Equilibrium Pressure ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Mechanical Pump ◽  
Differential Pumping

Use of the electron microscope to examine wet objects is possible due to the small mass thickness of the equilibrium pressure of water vapor at room temperature. Previous attempts to examine hydrated biological objects and water itself used a chamber consisting of two small apertures sealed by two thin films. Extensive work in our laboratory showed that such films have an 80% failure rate when wet. Using the principle of differential pumping of the microscope column, we can use open apertures in place of thin film windows.Fig. 1 shows the modified Siemens la specimen chamber with the connections to the water supply and the auxiliary pumping station. A mechanical pump is connected to the vapor supply via a 100μ aperture to maintain steady-state conditions.

Continuous hydrogenolysis of acetal-stabilized lignin in flow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Lan ◽  
Yuan Peng Du ◽  
Songlan Sun ◽  
Jean Behaghel de Bueren ◽  
Florent Héroguel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

We performed a steady state high-yielding depolymerization of soluble acetal-stabilized lignin in flow, which offered a window into challenges and opportunities that will be faced when continuously processing this feedstock.

Network reconstruction based on steady-state data

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 161-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo D. Sontag
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Network Reconstruction ◽  
Quasi Steady State ◽  
State Data

This paper discusses a theoretical method for the “reverse engineering” of networks based solely on steady-state (and quasi-steady-state) data.

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