Full Validation of A New Formula Estimating The Smoking Economic Burden By Morbidity

Introduction: In the Health Economy research context usually researches are assuming that the probability of the morbidity attributable to smoking is equal to the probability of the health spend attributable to smoking. Also is attributed the whole health spend because of active smokers to smoking. To solve this limitation, the authors suggested a new rate to measure the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility from a new rate to measure the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Methods: Was made a bibliographic research to describe the estimation process from the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Were utilized as theoretical method the analysis and synthesis, the comparative and the systematization. As empiric methods were used the Principle of Multiplication and the bibliographic research. Results: The rate designed solves the limitation identified during the research about the estimation of the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Conclusion: The new rate will provide a better estimation from the smoking economic burden by morbidity. It application will may identify the role of active smokers and passive smokers in the formation of the smoking economic burden. However, it application must be agree to the supposes identified.

Queuing Theory of Improved Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant Consensus

In recent years, the use of consensus mechanism to maintain the security of blockchain system has become a considerable concern of the community. Delegated proof of stake (DPoS) and practical Byzantine fault tolerant (PBFT) consensus mechanisms are key technologies in maintaining the security of blockchain system. First, this study proposes a consensus mechanism combining DPoS and PBFT, which can rapidly deal with malicious witness nodes and shorten the time of block verification. Second, the M/PH/1 queuing model is used to analyze the performance of the proposed consensus mechanism, and the performance of the improved practical Byzantine fault tolerant consensus mechanism is evaluated from steady-state conditions and key performance measure of the system. Third, the current study uses the theoretical method of open (Jackson) queuing network, combined with the blockchain consensus process, and provides theoretical analysis with special cases. Lastly, this research utilizes numerical examples to verify the computability of the theoretical results. The analytic method is expected to open a series of potentially promising research in queueing theory of blockchain systems.

Obstacles and Solutions to Enforcement of Hudud in Shariah Courts in Northern Nigeria

This research aims to study the obstacles and solutions related to the application of hudud in Sharia courts in northern Nigeria; This is due to the presence of many problems when applying the hudud in Sharia courts, such as the conflict between the Federal Constitution and the Constitution of the States, especially with regard to the application of the had for theft. The researcher studied the Shariah hudud in general in terms of defining them linguistically and legally, with mentioning their types, while addressing the practical application of Shariah hudud in the Shariah courts in some northern states that were chosen as a model, these states are: Zamfara, Jigawa, Kan, Kaduna, Katsina and Bauchi states.The researcher also touched on the legal system and courts in Nigeria in general and the legal system and Sharia courts in northern Nigeria in particular, and the Islamic penal laws of the states of Zamfara, Kanbuchi and Jigawa were also discussed. The researcher used two scientific research methodologies, including: the inductive theoretical method; where he studied the subject of borders in general and the hudud of theft, especially in jurisprudence blogs, in addition to books, studies, letters, scientific articles, reports and legal documents that were written in this field and stored in libraries, websites and other sources of information. The researcher also used the applied analytical method; Where he studied the issues related to the hudud that were applied in the Sharia courts in northern Nigeria, especially with regard to the hudud of theft, and the study of the obstacles in the application of these hudud in order to find appropriate solutions to them. The researcher reached a number of results, including that Islamic Sharia is the optimal system that should be applied to obtain permanent happiness in this world and the hereafter. The application of legal borders effectively contributes to the elimination of crimes committed and prevalent in Nigerian society, especially in the northern regions. Among the findings of the research, the compatibility of Islamic criminal law with Islamic jurisprudence in most aspects, and the compatibility of the applications of Sharia courts with Islamic law in many cases. The researcher recommends the officials to carry out all the solutions mentioned in the study so that they can better apply the Sharia and implement the Sharia hudud. He also recommends to them the necessity of developing Islamic criminal law to be fully compatible with Islamic law, and the necessity of implementing all judgments issued by Sharia courts.

Stage practices as a means of self-identification of the Greek ethnic of Azov region

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the revival of ethnic self-identification by the Greeks of the Azov region by means of stage practices. Research methodology. The historical-cultural method was used (to study the historical period of formation and development of the Greek ethnos of the Azov region); theoretical method (to summarize the data of the material analyzed in the article in order to highlight the main trends of stage practices of the Greeks of the Azov region); structural-functional method (for analysis of the structure of ethnocultural self-identification); cultural-semiotic method (for the study of the method of constructing ethnocultural self-identification as a mental structure through symbolic forms), etc. Scientific novelty. The main constants of ethnocultural identity are studied; the possibility of constructing a positive ethnic identity in contemporary performing arts in general and the ethnic group of the Greeks of the Azov region, in particular, is considered; The peculiarities of the revival of ethnic self-identification by the Greeks of the Azov region by means of stage practices were revealed. Conclusions. Manifestation of ethnocultural self-identification of cultural and artistic practices has a complex semantic and expressive structure and manifests itself as a multilevel system. In accordance with the constructivism and cultural-semiotic approach, the stage practices of the Greek ethnos of the Azov region offer a way to construct ethnocultural self-identification as a mental structure through such symbolic forms as a worldview, ethnic worldview, and artistic worldview. They reflect the consciousness of man and society as a whole, as well as what is important for the Greek ethnic group, and have the greatest potential for building a positive image of the ethnic community. Keywords: Greek ethnos, Greeks of the Azov region, stage practices, ethnocultural self-identification.

Robust Estimation Method Based on Function Model of Successive Approximation

In measurement practice, the residuals in least squares adjustment usually show various abnormal discrete distributions, including outliers, which is not conducive to the optimization of final measured values. Starting with the physical mechanism of dispersion and outlier of repeated observation errors, this paper puts forward the error correction idea of using the approximate function model of error to approach the actual function model of error step by step, gives a new theoretical method to optimize the final measured values, and proves the effectiveness of the algorithm by the ability of responding to the true values. This new idea is expected to be the ultimate answer of robust estimation theory.

Ecological Education by Means of Literature at School

The relevance of the article is due to the urgent need to improve the ecological education of schoolchildren in connection with active human intervention in nature and causing irreparable harm to it. Now it has become obvious that the knowledge gained by students in the study of natural sciences is not enough to foster a sense of responsibility for the state of nature. This deficiency can be filled with fiction, which clearly reflects the interaction of man and nature in different epochs of the development of society. However, in the existing methods and technologies for studying literature at school, insufficient attention is paid to the formation of the ecological culture of students. The work on environmental education in the study of works of art is carried out irregularly, the methodology of conducting a lesson, taking into account environmental education, needs further development. The purpose of the article is to form a respectful attitude towards nature and awareness of its indispensability for humans as an environment in students by means of fiction. The research is based on the concept of humanistic pedagogy, ecological and value-orientational approaches. The main research methods were the theoretical method, the axiomatization method, and the modification method. Based on the work done, it has been established that fiction containing ecological material contributes to the awareness of students of the inextricable connection between man and nature, reveals the beauty of the natural environment, evokes a sense of responsibility for its condition, awakens a protest against the predatory attitude towards it. It has been proved that ecological education by means of literature should be carried out along with moral, patriotic, aesthetic education, relying on the methodology of studying a work of art, using methods and techniques that are most appropriate to the material being studied. Among them, both traditional ones - the word of the teacher, conversation, independent work, creative reading, the heuristic method - which have been tested by many years of pedagogical practice, and new ones - the design-research method, the method of concepts. It has been determined that an indispensable condition for the successful ecological education of students, along with the use of the means of school subjects, is their involvement in active practical ecological activity.

Analysis of visual impression based on Bra's basic components

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship between bra's visual impression and bra parts, and then to explore the application of visual impression in bra design.Design/methodology/approachFirstly, 82 female undergraduates are asked to answered this questionnaire online, which is about the importance of parts in bra design. In the part of data analysis, the method of principal part analysis (PCA) are used to get the relationship between bra's parts, and reduce dimension of factors that influence bra design. After that, those group of features are further discussed from the perspective of visual design. Finally, design an application based on conclusion.FindingsTo get the influence features of bra appearance and improve the visual design effect, this paper matches the bra parts with visual features (color, texture, shape and space) and presents four main features of bra design: “color,” “visual texture,” “design shape” and “spatial expression” together with corresponding bra parts and technique of expression. Moreover, user interface in bra cloud customization is designed.Practical implicationsThe conclusion, which shows the corresponding relationship between bra visual effect and its basic parts, has an important role in bra visual design. First, it can be useful for design idea with different technique of expression, which may supply a theoretical basis for design. Secondly, the combination of bra parts and visual features can be used to evaluate the appearance.Originality/valueDiscussing the bra visual impression based on bra's basic parts and visual features provides a theoretical method for bra design and its appearance evaluation.

First-principles study of absolute XPS binding energy with PAW planewave pseudopotential method: application to tungsten disulfides

We propose an efficient theoretical method to take into account the core-hole spin density in the projector augmented wave (PAW) method, combined with spin un-polarized pseudopotentials and the planewave basis set. We apply this method to the calculation of absolute core level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) binding energies of WS2 and its related materials, and find the following points. First, inclusion of core-hole spin in the core-exited state is essential for accurate description of the binding energies, especially for light elements. Second, the calculated absolute binding energies show excellent agreement with experimental results. Finally, when oxygen atoms are incorporated in the basal plane of WS2 in the metallic phase, the O 1s binding energy is expected to appear at lower energy than the corresponding value in the semiconducting phase.

Study of the Effect of Higher-order Dispersions on Photoionisation Induced by Ultrafast Laser Pulses Applying a Classical Theoretical Method

We investigated the effect of higher order dispersion on ultrafast photoionisation with Classical Trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method for hydrogen and krypton atoms. In our calculations we used linearly polarised ultrashort 7 fs laser pulses, 6.5 × 1014 W/cm2 intensity, and a central wavelength of 800 nm. Our results show that electrons with the highest kinetic energies are obtained with transform limited (TL) pulses. The shaping of the pulses with negative second- third- or fourth- order dispersion results in higher ionisation yield and electron energies compared to pulses shaped with positive dispersion values. We have also investigated how the Carrier Envelope Phase (CEP) dependence of the ionisation is infuenced by dispersion. We calculated the left-right asymmetry as a function of energy and CEP for sodium atoms employing pulses of 4.5 fs, 800 nm central wavelength, and 4 × 1012 W/cm2 intensity. We found that the left-right asymmetry is more pronounced for pulses shaped with positive Group Delay Dispersion (GDD). It was also found that shaping a pulse with increasing amounts of GDD in absolute value blurs the CEP dependence, which is attributed to the increasing number of optical cycles.

THEORETICAL METHOD OF THE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF A SUPERCAVITATING PROPELLER BLADE WITH SPOILER MOUNTED ON THE TRAILING EDGE

This paper presents theoretical design method to obtain 2-D optimum section with spoiler mounted on the trailing edge of a supercavitating propeller blade. Matched Asymptotic Expansions (MAE) is applied to determine the geometry of profile and cavity shape in the framework of potential flow theory. The blade section is of wedge-like shape and the opened cavity closure scheme is adopted. A typical section, on which the optimum blade design will be based, is singled out among the best individual sections from root to tip. The spoiler length of each hydrofoil section resulting from MAE method are finalized with CFD method so as to consider viscous effect under the same lift condition, others hydrofoil geometries being kept constant. The hydrodynamic performances of all blade sections being designed on the basis of the resulting typical section from linearized method are finally predicted with CFD method.