scholarly journals Russian studies in the field of atmospheric chemistry in 2015–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 66-78
Author(s):  
I. K. Larin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
International Union ◽  
Atmospheric Sciences

A brief overview of the work of Russian scientists in the field of atmospheric chemistry in 20152018, including work on the chemistry of the troposphere, the chemistry of the ozone layer and on the role of chemistry in climate change is presented. Review has been prepared in the Commission on atmospheric chemistry of the meteorology and atmospheric sciences section of the national Geophysics Committee. The report was presented and approved at the XXVII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 1.

scholarly journals 100 Years of Progress in Gas-Phase Atmospheric Chemistry Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 10.1-10.52 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Wallington ◽  
J. H. Seinfeld ◽  
J. R. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Reaction Rates

Abstract Remarkable progress has occurred over the last 100 years in our understanding of atmospheric chemical composition, stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, urban air pollution, acid rain, and the formation of airborne particles from gas-phase chemistry. Much of this progress was associated with the developing understanding of the formation and role of ozone and of the oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO2, in the stratosphere and troposphere. The chemistry of the stratosphere, emerging from the pioneering work of Chapman in 1931, was followed by the discovery of catalytic ozone cycles, ozone destruction by chlorofluorocarbons, and the polar ozone holes, work honored by the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Crutzen, Rowland, and Molina. Foundations for the modern understanding of tropospheric chemistry were laid in the 1950s and 1960s, stimulated by the eye-stinging smog in Los Angeles. The importance of the hydroxyl (OH) radical and its relationship to the oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) emerged. The chemical processes leading to acid rain were elucidated. The atmosphere contains an immense number of gas-phase organic compounds, a result of emissions from plants and animals, natural and anthropogenic combustion processes, emissions from oceans, and from the atmospheric oxidation of organics emitted into the atmosphere. Organic atmospheric particulate matter arises largely as gas-phase organic compounds undergo oxidation to yield low-volatility products that condense into the particle phase. A hundred years ago, quantitative theories of chemical reaction rates were nonexistent. Today, comprehensive computer codes are available for performing detailed calculations of chemical reaction rates and mechanisms for atmospheric reactions. Understanding the future role of atmospheric chemistry in climate change and, in turn, the impact of climate change on atmospheric chemistry, will be critical to developing effective policies to protect the planet.

scholarly journals Role of the stratospheric chemistry–climate interactions in the hot climate conditions of the Eocene

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1187-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Szopa ◽  
Rémi Thiéblemont ◽  
Slimane Bekki ◽  
Svetlana Botsyun ◽  
Pierre Sepulchre
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Total Column Ozone ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Ozone Distribution ◽  
Hot Climate

Abstract. The stratospheric ozone layer plays a key role in atmospheric thermal structure and circulation. Although stratospheric ozone distribution is sensitive to changes in trace gases concentrations and climate, the modifications of stratospheric ozone are not usually considered in climate studies at geological timescales. Here, we evaluate the potential role of stratospheric ozone chemistry in the case of the Eocene hot conditions. Using a chemistry–climate model, we show that the structure of the ozone layer is significantly different under these conditions (4×CO2 climate and high concentrations of tropospheric N2O and CH4). The total column ozone (TCO) remains more or less unchanged in the tropics whereas it is found to be enhanced at mid- and high latitudes. These ozone changes are related to the stratospheric cooling and an acceleration of stratospheric Brewer–Dobson circulation simulated under Eocene climate. As a consequence, the meridional distribution of the TCO appears to be modified, showing particularly pronounced midlatitude maxima and a steeper negative poleward gradient from these maxima. These anomalies are consistent with changes in the seasonal evolution of the polar vortex during winter, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, found to be mainly driven by seasonal changes in planetary wave activity and stratospheric wave-drag. Compared to a preindustrial atmospheric composition, the changes in local ozone concentration reach up to 40 % for zonal annual mean and affect temperature by a few kelvins in the middle stratosphere. As inter-model differences in simulating deep-past temperatures are quite high, the consideration of atmospheric chemistry, which is computationally demanding in Earth system models, may seem superfluous. However, our results suggest that using stratospheric ozone calculated by the model (and hence more physically consistent with Eocene conditions) instead of the commonly specified preindustrial ozone distribution could change the simulated global surface air temperature by as much as 14 %. This error is of the same order as the effect of non-CO2 boundary conditions (topography, bathymetry, solar constant and vegetation). Moreover, the results highlight the sensitivity of stratospheric ozone to hot climate conditions. Since the climate sensitivity to stratospheric ozone feedback largely differs between models, it must be better constrained not only for deep-past conditions but also for future climates.

Atmospheric Chemistry

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-218
Author(s):  
Donald J. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
Basic Physics ◽  
Complex Chemistry ◽  
Additional Role

The complex chemistry and basic physics of Earth's atmosphere will be reduced to three main sections within the context of the chemical reactivities of predominant chemical species and the additional role of photochemistry from solar radiation. The three areas of chemical interactions and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere discussed are (1) the reactivities and relationships between chemical species that can affect tropospheric and stratospheric ozone concentrations, (2) reactions between chemical species that create acid rain, and (3) the chemical species, sources, and reactions that are believed to be contributing to climate change. These three areas in atmospheric dynamics will comprise this chapter along with some of the documented effects on ecological systems, human health, and infrastructure.

scholarly journals Results of Russian studies of the middle atmosphere (2015–2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 48-65
Author(s):  
A. A. Krivolutsky ◽  
A. I. Repnev ◽  
I. A. Mironova ◽  
A. N. Gruzdev ◽  
T. I. Tuniyants
Keyword(s):  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
International Union ◽  
Atmospheric Sciences ◽  
National Report

An overview of the results of Russian studies of the average atmosphere in 20152018, prepared by the Commission on the average atmosphere of the Section of meteorology and atmospheric Sciences of the National geophysical Committee for the National report on meteorology and atmospheric Sciences to the XXVII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (Canada, 2019 ).

Protection of Sites

2019 ◽  
pp. 833-851
Author(s):  
Colin Reid
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
International Union ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Governance Arrangements

This chapter examines the role of protected sites in biodiversity conservation and in the overall conservation enterprise. It first provides an overview of the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s work on definition and classification for protected sites before discussing the legal basis and the governance arrangements for protected areas. It then considers a range of issues surrounding the designation of protected sites, along with legal measures for their conservation and enhancement (e.g. management plans, controls on visitors and activities, positive conservation). It also explores the issue of enforcement and various measures used for the conservation of marine-protected areas before concluding with an analysis of two major challenges which may necessitate a rethinking of the role and place of protected areas in conservation: the first arises from our improved understanding of what is needed for biodiversity to thrive, and the second is posed by climate change.

The Role of Atmospheric Chemistry in Climate Change

JAPCA ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Wuebbles ◽  
Keith E. Grant ◽  
Peter S. Connell ◽  
Joyce E. Penner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry

scholarly journals Russian studies of atmospheric electricity in 2015–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 79-93
Author(s):  
E. A. Mareev ◽  
V. N. Stasenko ◽  
M. V. Shatalina ◽  
S. O. Dementyeva ◽  
A. A. Evtushenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
International Union ◽  
Atmospheric Sciences ◽  
National Report

This review contains the most significant results of Russian studies in the field of atmospheric electricity in 20152018. It is part of the Russian National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciencesto the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS). The report was presented and approved at the XXVII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 1. The review is followed by a list of the main published works on the studies of atmospheric electricity of Russian scientists in 20152018.

The AMA Guides in Pennsylvania “Post-Protz”: Act 111 and Case Law Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Justin D. Beck ◽  
Judge David B. Torrey
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Disability Benefits ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Recent Edition ◽  
Impairment Ratings

Abstract Medical evaluators must understand the context for the impairment assessments they perform. This article exemplifies issues that arise based on the role of impairment ratings and what edition of the AMA Guides to the Impairment of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) is used. This discussion also raises interesting legal questions related to retroactivity, applicability of prior precedent, and delegation. On June 20, 2017, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania handed down its decision, Protz v. WCAB (Derry Area Sch. Dist.), which disallows use of the “most recent edition” of the AMA Guides when determining partial disability entitlement under the Pennsylvania Workers’ Compensation Act. An attempted solution was passed by the Pennsylvania General Assembly and was signed into law Act 111 on October 24, 2018. Although it affirms that the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, must be used for impairment ratings, the law reduces the threshold for total disability benefits from 50% to 35% impairment. This legislative adjustment benefited injured workers but sparked additional litigation about whether, when, and how the adjustment should be applied (excerpts from the laws and decisions discussed by the authors are included at the end of the article). In using impairment as a threshold for permanent disability benefits, evaluators must distinguish between impairment and disability and determine an appropriate threshold; they also must be aware of the compensation and adjudication process and of the jurisdictions in which they practice.

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