Association of Biosecurity and Hygiene Practices with Environmental Contamination with Influenza A Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh

ABSTRACTWild-bird origin influenza A viruses (IAVs or avian influenza) have led to sporadic outbreaks among domestic poultry in the United States and Canada, resulting in economic losses through the implementation of costly containment practices and destruction of birds. We used evolutionary analyses of virus sequence data to determine that 78 H5 low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) isolated from domestic poultry in the United States and Canada during 2001 to 2017 resulted from 18 independent virus introductions from wild birds. Within the wild-bird reservoir, the hemagglutinin gene segments of H5 LPAIVs exist primarily as two cocirculating genetic sublineages, and our findings suggest that the H5 gene segments flow within each migratory bird flyway and among adjacent flyways, with limited exchange between the nonadjacent Atlantic and Pacific Flyways. Phylogeographic analyses provided evidence that IAVs from dabbling ducks and swans/geese contributed to the emergence of viruses among domestic poultry. H5 LPAIVs isolated from commercial farm poultry (i.e., turkey) that were descended from a single introduction typically remained a single genotype, whereas those from live-bird markets sometimes led to multiple genotypes, reflecting the potential for reassortment with other IAVs circulating within live-bird markets. H5 LPAIVs introduced from wild birds to domestic poultry represent economic threats to the U.S. poultry industry, and our data suggest that such introductions have been sporadic, controlled effectively through production monitoring and a stamping-out policy, and are, therefore, unlikely to result in sustained detections in commercial poultry operations.IMPORTANCEIntegration of viral genome sequencing into influenza surveillance for wild birds and domestic poultry can elucidate evolutionary pathways of economically costly poultry pathogens. Evolutionary analyses of H5 LPAIVs detected in domestic poultry in the United States and Canada during 2001 to 2017 suggest that these viruses originated from repeated introductions of IAVs from wild birds, followed by various degrees of reassortment. Reassortment was observed where biosecurity was low and where opportunities for more than one virus to circulate existed (e.g., congregations of birds from different premises, such as live-bird markets). None of the H5 lineages identified were maintained for the long term in domestic poultry, suggesting that management strategies have been effective in minimizing the impacts of virus introductions on U.S. poultry production.

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Sequence analysis of the neuraminidase genes of avian influenza A viruses isolated from live bird markets in the United States

Virus Genes ◽

10.1007/s11262-011-0611-y ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 60-65

Author(s):

Yogesh Chander ◽

Naresh Jindal ◽

Srinand Sreevatsan ◽

Sagar M. Goyal

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Sequence Analysis ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

The United States ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Live Bird Markets ◽

Live Bird

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Genetic analysis of avian influenza A viruses isolated from domestic waterfowl in live-bird markets of Hanoi, Vietnam, preceding fatal H5N1 human infections in 2004

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/s00705-009-0429-2 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 154 (8) ◽

pp. 1249-1261 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Samadhan J. Jadhao ◽

Doan C. Nguyen ◽

Timothy M. Uyeki ◽

Michael Shaw ◽

Taronna Maines ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Analysis ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Live Bird Markets ◽

Human Infections ◽

Live Bird

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Sero-Detection of Avian Influenza A/H7 in Nigerian Live-Bird Markets in Plateau State

Nigerian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/nvj.v41i2.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 161-174

Author(s):

C.N. Chinyere ◽

E.C. Okwor ◽

C.A. Meseko ◽

W.S. Ezema ◽

N.D. Choji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Live Bird Market ◽

Live Bird Markets ◽

Plateau State ◽

Keywords Influenza ◽

Live Bird

Avian influenza has been reported in domestic birds in Nigeria since 2006 and subtype H5 of the Gs/Gg lineage has continued to be detected up till date. It has been suggested that waterfowls and local birds sold in live-bird markets may be natural reservoir and source of reinfection of different subtype of avian influenza in poultry farms. This study aims at serodetection of avian influenza virus in waterfowls and local birds at live-bird markets in Plateau State, Nigeria. A total of three hundred and nine (309) blood samples were collected over a period of three months and two hundred and ninety-two (292) sera were analysed by c-ELISA for influenza A nucleoprotein using standard protocols. Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) specific for subtypes H5, H9, and H7 was also carried out using standard protocols on ELISA positive samples. The results showed seroprevalence of 5.14% (n=15) for influenza A. Serotype H7 was thereafter detected by HI in 5 of the 15 influenza A positive samples. The H7 positive sera also reacted with H7N3, H7N4, H7N1 and H7N7 virus strains with HI titre ranging between 1:32 to 1:512. This investigation for the first time showed serological evidence of influenza A subtype H7 in local birds and waterfowls sold at the live bird market in Nigeria. Further virological surveillance to isolate the virus is important in order to better understand influenza virus epidemiology in Nigeria and the potential risk that other subtypesof influenza poses to poultry production and public health. Keywords: Influenza A, subtype H7, serological detection, live bird market, Nigeria.

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Avian influenza A(H7N9) and the closure of live bird markets

Western Pacific Surveillance and Response ◽

10.5365/wpsar.2013.4.2.008 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 7-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Manoj Murhekar ◽

◽

Yuzo Arima ◽

Peter Horby ◽

Katejin Vandemaele ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Live Bird Markets ◽

Live Bird

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Genetically and Antigenically Divergent Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses Exhibit Differential Replication and Transmission Phenotypes in Mammalian Models

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00451-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 94 (17) ◽

Author(s):

Jessica A. Belser ◽

Xiangjie Sun ◽

Nicole Brock ◽

Claudia Pappas ◽

Joanna A. Pulit-Penaloza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Human Infection ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Human Populations ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Live Bird Markets ◽

Human Infections ◽

Live Bird

ABSTRACT Low-pathogenicity avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses, enzootic in poultry populations in Asia, are associated with fewer confirmed human infections but higher rates of seropositivity compared to A(H5) or A(H7) subtype viruses. Cocirculation of A(H5) and A(H7) viruses leads to the generation of reassortant viruses bearing A(H9N2) internal genes with markers of mammalian adaptation, warranting continued surveillance in both avian and human populations. Here, we describe active surveillance efforts in live poultry markets in Vietnam in 2018 and compare representative viruses to G1 and Y280 lineage viruses that have infected humans. Receptor binding properties, pH thresholds for HA activation, in vitro replication in human respiratory tract cells, and in vivo mammalian pathogenicity and transmissibility were investigated. While A(H9N2) viruses from both poultry and humans exhibited features associated with mammalian adaptation, one human isolate from 2018, A/Anhui-Lujiang/39/2018, exhibited increased capacity for replication and transmission, demonstrating the pandemic potential of A(H9N2) viruses. IMPORTANCE A(H9N2) influenza viruses are widespread in poultry in many parts of the world and for over 20 years have sporadically jumped species barriers to cause human infection. As these viruses continue to diversify genetically and antigenically, it is critical to closely monitor viruses responsible for human infections, to ascertain if A(H9N2) viruses are acquiring properties that make them better suited to infect and spread among humans. In this study, we describe an active poultry surveillance system established in Vietnam to identify the scope of influenza viruses present in live bird markets and the threat they pose to human health. Assessment of a recent A(H9N2) virus isolated from an individual in China in 2018 is also reported, and it was found to exhibit properties of adaptation to humans and, importantly, it shows similarities to strains isolated from the live bird markets of Vietnam.

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Critical control points for avian influenza A H5N1 in live bird markets in low resource settings

Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.03.003 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 71-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Gina Samaan ◽

Anita Gultom ◽

Risa Indriani ◽

Kamalini Lokuge ◽

Paul M. Kelly

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Control Points ◽

Low Resource Settings ◽

Low Resource ◽

Live Bird Markets ◽

Critical Control Points ◽

Live Bird

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Newly Emergent Highly Pathogenic H5N9 Subtype Avian Influenza A Virus

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00653-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 89 (17) ◽

pp. 8806-8815 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yang Yu ◽

Xingbo Wang ◽

Tao Jin ◽

Hailong Wang ◽

Weiying Si ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

The Novel ◽

Reassortant Virus ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Live Bird Markets ◽

Avian Influenza A Virus ◽

Live Bird

ABSTRACTThe novel H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) was demonstrated to cause severe human respiratory infections in China. Here, we examined poultry specimens from live bird markets linked to human H7N9 infection in Hangzhou, China. Metagenomic sequencing revealed mixed subtypes (H5, H7, H9, N1, N2, and N9). Subsequently, AIV subtypes H5N9, H7N9, and H9N2 were isolated. Evolutionary analysis showed that the hemagglutinin gene of the novel H5N9 virus originated from A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM227/2012 (H5N1), which belongs to clade 2.3.2.1. The neuraminidase gene of the novel H5N9 virus originated from human-infective A/Hangzhou/1/2013 (H7N9). The six internal genes were similar to those of other H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 virus strains. The virus harbored the PQRERRRKR/GL motif characteristic of highly pathogenic AIVs at the HA cleavage site. Receptor-binding experiments demonstrated that the virus binds α-2,3 sialic acid but not α-2,6 sialic acid. Identically, pathogenicity experiments also showed that the virus caused low mortality rates in mice. This newly isolated H5N9 virus is a highly pathogenic reassortant virus originating from H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes. Live bird markets represent a potential transmission risk to public health and the poultry industry.IMPORTANCEThis investigation confirms that the novel H5N9 subtype avian influenza A virus is a reassortant strain originating from H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes and is totally different from the H5N9 viruses reported before. The novel H5N9 virus acquired a highly pathogenic H5 gene and an N9 gene from human-infecting subtype H7N9 but caused low mortality rates in mice. Whether this novel H5N9 virus will cause human infections from its avian host and become a pandemic subtype is not known yet. It is therefore imperative to assess the risk of emergence of this novel reassortant virus with potential transmissibility to public health.

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