Endothelial cells respond to fluid flow stimulation through transient and sustained signal pathway activation. Smad2 is a signaling molecule and transcription factor in the Smad signaling pathway, traditionally associated with TGF-β. Although phosphorylation of Smad2 in the receptor-dependent COOH-terminal region is the most appreciated way Smad2 is activated to affect gene expression, phosphorylation may also occur in the MH1-MH2 linker region (L-psmad2). Here, we show that in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), Smad2 was both preferentially phosphorylated in the linker region and localized to the nucleus in a flow-dependent manner. The Smad corepressor transforming growth interacting factor (TGIF) was also found to have flow-dependent nuclear localization. Tissue studies confirmed this L-psmad2 generation trend in rat aorta, indicating likely importance in arterial tissue. HAEC-based inhibitor studies demonstrated that L-psmad2 levels were not related to MAPK phosphorylation, but instead followed the pattern of pAkt473, both with and without the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor PI-103. Akt and Smad species were also shown to directly interact under flow relative to static controls. To further evaluate impacts of PI-103 treatment, expression profiles for two TGF-β and shear stress-dependent genes were determined and showed that mRNAs were lower from untreated 10 dyn/cm2than 2 dyn/cm2average shear stress cultures. However, upon exposure to PI-103, this trend was reversed, with a stronger response observed at 10 dyn/cm2. Taken together, the results of this work suggest that fluid flow exposure may influence endothelial gene expression by a novel mechanism involving Akt, L-psmad2, and TGIF.
Flow-dependent Smad2 phosphorylation and TGIF nuclear localization in human aortic endothelial cells
